Which of the following is a non-tuberculous mycobacteria?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Mycobacterium avium intracellulare is non-tuberculous opportunistic, not TB-complex (e.g., lungs, not GU focus). Bovis, microti, and africanum are TB-complex cause tuberculosis, including GUTB. Avium intracellulare affects immunocompromised, not typical TB pathology. Non-TB status distinguishes it, key to mycobacterial classification, unlike TB-causing species.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hypoechoic on renal ultrasound means darker than surroundings less echo reflection (e.g., cysts). Brighter is hyperechoic dense tissue. Black without echoes is anechoic fluid-filled. Same as liver (isoechoic) varies kidney-specific. Darker hypoechoic appearance distinguishes it, critical for identifying lesions, unlike bright, fluid, or neutral patterns.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Multichannel urodynamics is the most accurate tool for incontinence measures pressures (Pves, Pabd, Pdet derived), flow, and EMG, pinpointing causes (e.g., detrusor overactivity). Not all need it initial trials suffice for some. It assesses upper tract risk (e.g., high pressure) false to deny. Pdet is calculated, not direct minor flaw. Accuracy distinguishes it, critical for complex incontinence, unlike overuse, risk denial, or measurement errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: MRI isn't useful for anterior urethral strictures poor resolution for narrow lumens, better for soft tissue. RGU/MCU visualizes stricture length/location contrast-based. Ultrasound detects narrowing/thickness non-invasive. Urethroscopy directly views definitive. MRI's lack of utility distinguishes it, critical for practical stricture assessment, unlike effective imaging or scoping.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma isn't chemoresistant responds to chemo (e.g., cisplatin), unlike true statement. Rare (<1%) correct prevalence. Intraperitoneal spread typical aggressive pattern. Eosinophilic cytoplasm histologic feature. Sensitivity to chemo distinguishes the error, key to its management, unlike rarity, spread, or pathology truths.