Which of the following is a disease characterized by hyperactive sebaceous glands and often associated with dandruff?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Seborrhea, or seborrheic dermatitis, is a condition marked by overactive sebaceous glands, leading to oily skin and flaky scales, often linked to dandruff on the scalp. Keloids are raised scars, not gland-related. Eczema involves dry, itchy skin without specific sebaceous hyperactivity. Urticaria is hives, an allergic reaction. Seborrhea's association with excessive sebum production and its common presentation as dandruff make it the correct match for the described condition.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A sliver penetrating the skin of the hand moves from the outermost epidermal layer inward to the dermis. The hand's skin is thick, containing all five epidermal layers. The sequence begins with the stratum corneum, the tough, dead, keratinized surface, followed by the stratum lucidum, a clear layer of dead cells found in thick skin. Next is the stratum granulosum, where keratinization starts, then the stratum spinosum, with its spiny, interconnected cells, and finally the stratum germinativum, the basal layer adjacent to the dermis where cell division occurs. The sliver pierces outward to inward: corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, germinativum, before reaching the dermis. This order reflects the histological arrangement of thick skin, as seen in palms and soles, where each layer's position and function (protection, transition, cell production) dictate the penetration path, aligning with anatomical descriptions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The papillary layer of the dermis is the uppermost layer of the dermis, characterized by loose connective tissue and finger-like projections (papillae) that interlock with the deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale. The stratum basale, also called the basal layer, is where new skin cells are produced and it rests directly on the papillary dermis, forming a strong connection via the basement membrane. The stratum spinosum lies above the basale and is thicker, with spiny cells, but it's not in direct contact with the papillary layer. The stratum granulosum is higher up, involved in keratinization, and the stratum corneum is the outermost dead layer, far from the dermis. The anatomical proximity and functional relationship between the papillary layer and stratum basale, including nutrient exchange and anchoring, make it the most closely associated layer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sebaceous glands are oil-producing glands typically associated with hair follicles, secreting sebum to lubricate hair and skin. They are not sweat glands, which produce sweat (eccrine and apocrine glands have different roles). They don't function in response to touch; that's more relevant to sensory receptors like Merkel cells. Nor do they release a watery solution of salt and waste that describes eccrine sweat glands. Their anatomical and functional link to hair follicles, where they empty sebum into the follicle, is a classic feature of skin histology, making this the correct association.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Bedsores (pressure ulcers) develop from prolonged pressure on skin, cutting off blood flow and causing tissue damage, often in bedridden patients. They're preventable by eliminating pressure points through repositioning, cushions, or mattresses, relieving compression on vulnerable areas like the heels or sacrum. Topical moisturizers may help skin health but don't treat established sores. Deep massages could worsen damage, not cause it. Dry skin isn't the cause; ischemia from pressure is. Prevention via pressure relief is a standard clinical approach, making this the correct answer.