Which of the following is a common symptom of heart failure?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Persistent coughing. In heart failure, fluid may accumulate in the lungs, leading to a persistent cough. High blood pressure (A) is a risk factor for heart failure but not a symptom. Excessive weight loss (C) is not a typical symptom of heart failure; instead, patients may experience weight gain due to fluid retention. Increased energy levels (D) are unlikely in heart failure, as fatigue and weakness are common symptoms. Therefore, the most common symptom of heart failure among the choices given is persistent coughing.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. The hilum is the region where blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics enter and exit an organ. The anatomical position of the hilum can vary depending on the organ. For example, in the lungs, the hilum is located in the mediastinal surface between the lungs, around the level of the 6th to 7th thoracic vertebrae. Therefore, option D, "all of these," is correct because it encompasses the different anatomical positions of the hilum in various organs. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not fully capture the diverse locations of the hilum in different anatomical contexts.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because breathing deeply through the mouthpiece can lead to incorrect peak flow readings. To explain further, deep breathing can artificially inflate the lungs and result in a higher peak flow reading than the patient's actual lung function. Therefore, this action would not provide an accurate assessment of the patient's peak flow. A: Repeating the procedure and obtaining three readings is correct as it helps ensure accuracy and consistency. C: Standing while performing the test is acceptable and does not affect the accuracy of the peak flow reading. D: Reporting the highest reading on the peak flow sheet is appropriate as it reflects the patient's best effort.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Excess alcohol intake. Alcohol consumption can contribute to the development of hypertension by increasing blood pressure and damaging the arteries over time. Excessive alcohol intake can also lead to weight gain and other unhealthy lifestyle choices that can exacerbate hypertension. A: A low-calcium diet is not a modifiable risk factor for the development of hypertension. Calcium intake may have some impact on blood pressure regulation, but it is not a primary modifiable risk factor for hypertension. C: A family history of hypertension is a non-modifiable risk factor as genetics play a significant role in the development of hypertension. While having a family history of hypertension increases one's risk, it is not something that can be changed or modified. D: Consumption of a high-protein diet is not a primary modifiable risk factor for hypertension. While diet plays a role in hypertension, high protein intake alone is not a significant risk factor compared to factors such as excessive alcohol consumption, high sodium intake, and obesity

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct action is to position the client sitting up on the side of the bed. This position allows for easier access to the pleural space during the thoracentesis procedure. Sitting up also helps to expand the intercostal spaces, making it easier for the healthcare provider to locate the fluid collection. Choice A is incorrect as fasting is not typically required for a thoracentesis procedure. Choice B is unnecessary as sedation is not routinely used for this procedure. Choice D is incorrect as the amount of pleural fluid to be removed varies and a specific collection device is not always needed. In summary, positioning the client sitting up on the side of the bed is the most appropriate action to prepare for a thoracentesis procedure, as it facilitates access and fluid removal.