Which of the following is a common feature of vasculitis?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Vasculitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. The correct answer, option D, "All of the above," is correct because vasculitis can manifest in various ways affecting different organs and tissues in the body. Skin lesions are a common feature of vasculitis, presenting as palpable purpura or petechiae. Nerve damage can occur due to impaired blood flow from inflamed vessels, leading to neuropathy. Organ dysfunction is also a common feature, as vasculitis can affect organs like the kidneys, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. Option A, skin lesions, is a common manifestation of vasculitis, but it does not encompass the full spectrum of the condition. Option B, nerve damage, is also possible in vasculitis, especially in conditions like polyarteritis nodosa. Option C, organ dysfunction, is another common feature of vasculitis, as inflammation of blood vessels can impair organ function. In an educational context, understanding the diverse presentations of vasculitis is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these manifestations early can aid in prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications. Nurses need to be aware of the multi-organ involvement in vasculitis to provide comprehensive care and support to pediatric patients and their families.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding globalization is crucial as healthcare providers increasingly encounter diverse cultural backgrounds and healthcare practices. The correct answer, B) Cultural homogenization, is associated with globalization as it refers to the process where different cultures become more similar due to global influences. This is relevant in pediatric nursing as it highlights the need for healthcare professionals to be culturally competent and sensitive to the diverse backgrounds of their patients and families. Option A) Decreased international trade is incorrect because globalization typically leads to increased international trade, promoting the exchange of goods and services across borders. Understanding this concept is important for pediatric nurses as it can impact the availability of medical supplies and resources for children around the world. Option C) Isolationist policies are not associated with globalization. In fact, globalization often challenges isolationist policies by promoting interconnectivity and collaboration among countries. Pediatric nurses need to be aware of global health trends and policies to provide the best care for children in an increasingly interconnected world. Option D) Local market growth is not directly linked to globalization in the context of cultural homogenization. While globalization can impact local economies, the focus of this question is on the cultural aspects influenced by globalization rather than economic factors. In pediatric nursing practice, understanding the implications of globalization is essential for providing holistic and culturally sensitive care to children and their families from diverse backgrounds. Being aware of how globalization can impact cultural beliefs, practices, and healthcare access is crucial for pediatric nurses to deliver effective care in today's interconnected world.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) bladder cancer. Intravenous cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapeutic agent that is associated with various long-term complications due to its toxicity. Bladder cancer is not a common long-term complication associated with cyclophosphamide use. A) Bone marrow suppression is a well-known side effect of cyclophosphamide. It can lead to decreased production of blood cells, making patients more susceptible to infections, anemia, and bleeding. C) Leukemia is another potential long-term complication of cyclophosphamide use. Prolonged exposure to this drug can increase the risk of developing secondary cancers, including leukemia. D) Infertility is a significant concern with cyclophosphamide use, especially in women. This drug can cause damage to the ovaries, leading to infertility or premature menopause. Educational context: Understanding the potential long-term complications of medications used in pediatric patients is crucial for pediatric nurses. It allows them to monitor for signs and symptoms, provide appropriate education to patients and families, and collaborate with the healthcare team to minimize risks and manage complications effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the case of a 5-year-old boy with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) presenting with systemic manifestations such as fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and pericarditis, the BEST initial treatment is systemic glucocorticoids (Option B). Systemic glucocorticoids are the first-line treatment for sJIA due to their potent anti-inflammatory effects. In this acute systemic inflammatory condition, glucocorticoids can rapidly reduce inflammation and control symptoms like fever, pericarditis, and organomegaly. NSAIDs (Option A) are commonly used in arthritis, but in sJIA with systemic features, systemic glucocorticoids are preferred for their broader anti-inflammatory action. TNF-a inhibitors (Option C) and IL-1 antagonists (Option D) are biologic agents used in refractory cases or when glucocorticoids are not effective. They are not typically considered as initial treatments due to their higher cost, route of administration, and potential side effects in pediatric patients. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind selecting the appropriate initial treatment in sJIA is crucial for pediatric nurses. It highlights the importance of recognizing the specific manifestations of the disease and tailoring treatment to address the underlying inflammatory process effectively while considering the safety and efficacy profiles of different medications in pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Epstein-Barr virus. Postinfectious arthritis is a condition where joint inflammation occurs after an infectious illness, often caused by viruses. Rubella, also known as German measles, is associated with arthritis, making it a likely causative viral infection. Varicella-zoster (causes chickenpox and shingles), cytomegalovirus (can cause arthritis in immunocompromised individuals), and herpes simplex virus (can lead to arthritis in some cases) are all known to be associated with arthritis as well, but the question asked for the LEAST likely causative viral infection. Educationally, understanding the associations between viral infections and arthritis is crucial for pediatric nurses. This knowledge helps in identifying potential causes of joint inflammation in children, allowing for timely interventions and appropriate management. By differentiating between the various viral infections and their likelihood of causing postinfectious arthritis, nurses can provide more effective care to pediatric patients with these conditions.