Which of the following is a common barrier to health care access in rural areas?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Long distances to health care facilities. In rural areas, access to health care facilities can be limited due to long distances, leading to delays in seeking care. This barrier is significant because it can result in difficulties accessing timely medical services, impacting health outcomes. Lack of insurance coverage (A) is a barrier, but not specific to rural areas. Low prevalence of chronic diseases (C) is irrelevant to access barriers. Availability of trained health professionals (D) is important, but not the most common barrier in rural areas.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cohort study. In a cohort study, the nurse can follow a group of individuals over time (longitudinal study) to observe the development of lung cancer in relation to smoking habits. This study design allows for the establishment of temporal relationships and can determine if smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer. Explanation of other choices: A: Cross-sectional study - This type of study captures data at a single point in time and does not show causality or temporal relationships. C: Case-control study - This study design is retrospective and compares individuals with and without the disease to identify potential risk factors. It may not establish temporal relationships as effectively as a cohort study. D: Experimental study - In an experimental study, the nurse would intervene by assigning participants to different groups (smokers vs. non-smokers) and observing outcomes. However, this design may not be ethical or feasible when studying the relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Transtheoretical Model. This model emphasizes the stages individuals go through when changing their health behaviors. It includes precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination stages. Other choices focus on different aspects of health behavior change. A: Health Belief Model emphasizes perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers. C: Social Cognitive Theory focuses on the interplay of personal factors, behavior, and environment. D: Theory of Planned Behavior emphasizes attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The Transtheoretical Model specifically outlines the stages individuals go through during behavior change, making it the correct choice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: CBPR involves active collaboration between researchers and community members. Step 2: In CBPR, community members contribute their expertise and perspectives. Step 3: Choice B is correct as it highlights the key principle of equal partnership in CBPR. Step 4: Choice A is incorrect as CBPR emphasizes collaboration, not imposition. Step 5: Choice C is incorrect as CBPR can utilize both quantitative and qualitative data. Step 6: Choice D is incorrect as community members play a crucial role in interpreting research findings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Assessing changes in the health outcomes of the community. This method is the most effective because it directly measures the impact of the health promotion program on the community's health status. By analyzing changes in health outcomes such as reduced disease incidence or improved health behaviors, one can objectively determine the program's effectiveness. A: Conducting a satisfaction survey of program participants may provide feedback on program satisfaction but does not measure actual health impact. C: Interviewing key community leaders may provide insights on program success but does not directly assess health outcomes. D: Counting the number of individuals who attended program sessions only measures program reach, not its impact on health.