Which of the following is a common adverse effect of opioid medications?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Constipation. Opioids commonly cause constipation due to their effect on the gastrointestinal tract, slowing down gut motility. This is a well-documented adverse effect of opioid medications. Hypotension (B), weight loss (C), and tachycardia (D) are not common adverse effects of opioids. Hypotension is more associated with vasodilator medications, weight loss is not typically seen with opioids, and tachycardia is more likely to be caused by stimulant medications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Methadone. Methadone is a long-acting opioid agonist that helps reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings in individuals with opioid addiction. It has been widely used for decades in medication-assisted treatment programs. Naltrexone (B) is an opioid antagonist that is used for relapse prevention, not as a first-line treatment. Naloxone (C) is an opioid antagonist used for emergency overdose reversal. Suboxone (D) is a combination of buprenorphine (a partial opioid agonist) and naloxone, commonly used for opioid addiction treatment, but methadone is more commonly used.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin. 2. Insulin is the primary treatment for type 1 diabetes as it replaces the missing hormone. 3. Metformin (choice A) is typically used for type 2 diabetes. 4. Sulfonylureas (choice C) and Glinides (choice D) stimulate insulin production, not suitable for type 1 diabetes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inhibiting COX-2 enzymes selectively. Celecoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor, meaning it specifically targets and inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme, which is responsible for producing prostaglandins involved in inflammation and pain. By selectively inhibiting COX-2, celecoxib reduces inflammation and pain without affecting COX-1, which helps maintain the stomach lining and platelet function. Choice A (Inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes) is incorrect because celecoxib primarily targets COX-2, not COX-1. Choice C (Binding to opioid receptors in the brain) is incorrect as celecoxib does not bind to opioid receptors but works through a different mechanism. Choice D (Inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes) is incorrect as celecoxib does not directly inhibit leukotriene synthesis; it primarily inhibits COX-2 enzymes

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inhibiting the action of HMG-CoA reductase in the liver. Pravastatin is a statin medication that works by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a key role in the liver's production of cholesterol. By blocking this enzyme, pravastatin reduces the liver's ability to produce cholesterol, leading to lower levels of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. This mechanism helps to lower the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with hyperlipidemia. Choice A is incorrect because pravastatin does not inhibit the absorption of cholesterol in the intestines; it primarily acts in the liver. Choice C is incorrect because pravastatin primarily lowers LDL cholesterol levels rather than increasing HDL cholesterol levels. Choice D is incorrect because blocking bile acid reabsorption is not the primary mechanism of action of pravastatin in managing hyperlipidemia.