Which of the following is a common adverse effect of statin drugs?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Muscle pain. Statin drugs are known to cause myopathy, which can manifest as muscle pain, weakness, or tenderness. This adverse effect is due to statins affecting muscle cells and potentially leading to muscle inflammation or damage. Headache (B), weight gain (C), and coughing (D) are not common adverse effects associated with statin drugs. Muscle pain is a well-documented and frequently reported side effect, making it the correct choice in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibiting COX-2 enzymes selectively. Celecoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor, which means it specifically targets the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme responsible for inflammation and pain without affecting COX-1 enzymes that protect the stomach lining. This selective inhibition reduces inflammation and pain while minimizing the risk of gastrointestinal side effects associated with non-selective NSAIDs. Choice B is incorrect because celecoxib does not inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Choice C is incorrect because celecoxib does not increase prostaglandin synthesis; it actually reduces it by inhibiting COX-2. Choice D is incorrect because celecoxib does not block sodium channels in peripheral nerves; its mechanism of action is through selective COX-2 inhibition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Methadone. Methadone is a long-acting opioid agonist that helps reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings in individuals with opioid addiction. It has been widely used for decades in medication-assisted treatment programs. Naltrexone (B) is an opioid antagonist that is used for relapse prevention, not as a first-line treatment. Naloxone (C) is an opioid antagonist used for emergency overdose reversal. Suboxone (D) is a combination of buprenorphine (a partial opioid agonist) and naloxone, commonly used for opioid addiction treatment, but methadone is more commonly used.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin. 2. Insulin is the primary treatment for type 1 diabetes as it replaces the missing hormone. 3. Metformin (choice A) is typically used for type 2 diabetes. 4. Sulfonylureas (choice C) and Glinides (choice D) stimulate insulin production, not suitable for type 1 diabetes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inhibiting COX-2 enzymes selectively. Celecoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor, meaning it specifically targets and inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme, which is responsible for producing prostaglandins involved in inflammation and pain. By selectively inhibiting COX-2, celecoxib reduces inflammation and pain without affecting COX-1, which helps maintain the stomach lining and platelet function. Choice A (Inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes) is incorrect because celecoxib primarily targets COX-2, not COX-1. Choice C (Binding to opioid receptors in the brain) is incorrect as celecoxib does not bind to opioid receptors but works through a different mechanism. Choice D (Inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes) is incorrect as celecoxib does not directly inhibit leukotriene synthesis; it primarily inhibits COX-2 enzymes