Which of the following inhaled anesthetics causes centrally mediated sympathetic activation leading to a rise in blood pressure and heart rate?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Desflurane is the correct answer because it causes sympathetic activation by stimulating the central nervous system, leading to increased blood pressure and heart rate. Desflurane has a high potency in activating sympathetic responses compared to the other options. Sevoflurane and isoflurane have minimal impact on sympathetic activation. Nitrous oxide primarily acts as a weak anesthetic and does not cause significant sympathetic stimulation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Heparin is recommended for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) because it prevents further clot formation and helps dissolve existing clots. Heparin works by inhibiting the formation of blood clots. Other choices (B, C, D) are incorrect because they do not align with the established medical guidelines for DVT treatment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Dihydropyridines are a class of calcium channel blockers that predominantly cause vasodilation by blocking calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. This leads to common unwanted effects such as peripheral edema, flushing, and headaches. Therefore, it is accurate to say that the common unwanted effects of dihydropyridines are due to vasodilation. Choice B is incorrect because the statement is true. Choice C is incorrect as it implies all unwanted effects are due to vasodilation, which may not be entirely accurate. Choice D is incorrect as the unwanted effects are indeed due to vasodilation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Diazoxide is a potassium channel activator that works by opening ATP-sensitive potassium channels in smooth muscle cells. 2. This action leads to hyperpolarization of the cell membrane, resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. 3. This vasodilatory effect is beneficial in conditions like hypertension and hypoglycemia. 4. Nifedipine (A) is a calcium channel blocker, Saralasin (B) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, and Losartan (D) is an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Summary: - Nifedipine does not activate potassium channels. - Saralasin and Losartan do not have a direct effect on potassium channels. - Diazoxide is the correct choice as it specifically activates potassium channels to induce vasodilation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: As food supplements. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are not used as food supplements because they are potent molecules with specific regulatory functions in the body. Step 1: Replacement therapy (Choice A) involves providing hormones to individuals with hormone deficiency states to restore normal physiologic levels. This is a common pharmacologic application of these hormones. Step 2: Drug therapy (Choice B) involves using synthetic analogs of these hormones at pharmacologic doses to treat various disorders by eliciting specific hormonal effects that may not occur at physiologic levels. Step 3: Diagnostic tool (Choice C) involves using these hormones in stimulation tests to assess the functioning of the endocrine system by observing the response to hormonal stimulation. In summary, choices A, B, and C all represent valid pharmacologic applications of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, while choice D (food supplements) is the exception as these hormones are not meant to be consumed as dietary