Which of the following immune cells is primarily responsible for coordinating and regulating immune responses by producing cytokines that direct the activities of other immune cells?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: T helper cells (Th cells) are primarily responsible for coordinating and regulating immune responses by producing cytokines that direct the activities of other immune cells. These cytokines help in activating cytotoxic T cells, B cells, macrophages, and other cells involved in the immune response. Th cells play a crucial role in mounting an effective immune response against infections and diseases by providing the necessary signals to activate and control various immune cells. Thus, T helper cells are considered the central coordinators of the immune system.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that focuses on producing the greatest overall balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved. In the context of the situation described, nurses being floated to areas of most need during a nursing shortage is an example of utilitarianism in action. The decision to float nurses is aimed at maximizing the benefit to the greatest number of patients by ensuring that critical care is provided where it is most needed, even if it may cause inconvenience or discomfort to the nurses being floated. This decision aligns with the principle of maximizing overall utility and promoting the greater good, which are central tenets of utilitarianism.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nurse Merle has to renew her license on or before January 6, 2022, as that date falls at the end of the standard two-year license renewal cycle for nurses in many jurisdictions. Renewing on or before this date will ensure that Nurse Merle maintains her active licensure status and can continue practicing legally without any interruptions. It is important for healthcare professionals like nurses to stay current with their licensure to uphold professional standards and provide quality care to patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When a medication is unavailable and therefore not given to the patient, it is important to document this in the Nurses Notes along with an explanation. Leaving it blank (Option A) may lead to confusion or errors as the reason for not administering the medication would not be clear. Using an asterisk or mark as per hospital protocol (Option C) may not provide enough information about why the medication was missed. Writing the letter (Option D) without any explanation would not suffice in terms of documentation and accountability. Therefore, signing and making an explanation in the Nurses Notes (Option B) is the correct way to chart when a medication is unavailable. This ensures proper documentation of the situation and helps in maintaining the continuity of care for the patient.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The most appropriate action for the nurse to take when noticing that the patient seems anxious and is avoiding eye contact is to ask the patient if they are feeling anxious and if they would like to talk about it. This approach shows empathy, concern, and openness to addressing the patient's emotional state. By directly acknowledging the patient's behavior and giving them the opportunity to express their feelings, the nurse can create a supportive and caring environment that promotes effective communication and trust between the patient and healthcare provider. It is important to consider the patient's emotional well-being alongside their physical health during consultations.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Patients prescribed proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for the treatment of GERD should be closely monitored for the development of osteoporosis. PPIs have been associated with an increased risk of developing osteoporotic fractures, particularly in long-term users. This risk is thought to be due to decreased calcium absorption as stomach acidity is reduced by PPIs, leading to potential alterations in bone metabolism and density. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to assess bone health, educate patients on calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and consider other risk factors for osteoporosis in individuals taking PPIs long-term. While hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, and Clostridium difficile infection may be seen as adverse effects with other medications or conditions, osteoporosis is the adverse effect most closely monitored in patients taking PPIs for GERD.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most appropriate nursing action in this situation is to assess the client's blood pressure and other vital signs. The client's symptoms of severe headache, visual disturbances, and epigastric pain could be indicative of preeclampsia or eclampsia, which are serious conditions that require immediate medical attention. Checking the blood pressure and other vital signs will help determine if the client's symptoms are related to abnormal blood pressure levels, which is critical in identifying and managing hypertensive disorders in postpartum clients. Once the assessment is completed, appropriate medical interventions can be initiated promptly if necessary.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Participating in professional organizations can be a valuable way for Nurse Bea to enhance her career in nursing aside from enrolling in graduate school. Professional organizations provide networking opportunities, access to resources and information, opportunities for professional development through workshops and conferences, and a platform for engaging in advocacy efforts to promote the nursing profession. By being an active member of a professional organization, Nurse Bea can further her knowledge, skills, and connections within the nursing field, which can contribute to her career advancement.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nulliparity, which refers to never having given birth to a child, is the most common risk factor for the development of ovarian cancer. Women who have never been pregnant have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer compared to those who have had children. This association is believed to be related to the uninterrupted ovulation cycles that nulliparous women experience, leading to changes in the surface epithelium of the ovary that predispose them to cancer development. Conversely, factors like early menarche, late menopause, and a family history of breast cancer are also associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer but are not as commonly observed as nulliparity in the general population.