Which of the following hormones is produced by the hypothalamic gland?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). The hypothalamus, not a gland, produces GHRH to stimulate the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. Choice B (FSH) is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Choice C (Aldosterone) is produced by the adrenal glands. Choice D (Estradiol) is a form of estrogen produced by the ovaries. Therefore, only choice A aligns with the role of the hypothalamus in regulating hormone release.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ibuprofen. Ibuprofen is a propionic acid derivative due to its chemical structure. It belongs to the same class of NSAIDs as naproxen and ketoprofen, which are also propionic acid derivatives. Ibuprofen works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, thereby reducing inflammation, pain, and fever. Choice B, Indomethacin, is incorrect as it is an acetic acid derivative. Choice C, Metamizole (Analgin), is incorrect as it is a pyrazolone derivative. Choice D, Diclofenac, is incorrect as it is an acetic acid derivative.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 19 hours. The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the body to reduce by half. Cyclosporine A has a half-life of approximately 19 hours, meaning that it takes 19 hours for the concentration of cyclosporine A in the body to decrease by half. This is the most accurate description of the half-life of cyclosporine A. Choice A (25-35 minutes) is too short for the half-life of cyclosporine A, as it typically stays in the body for a longer duration. Choice B (21 days) is too long for the half-life of cyclosporine A, as this is more commonly seen in drugs with very long half-lives. Choice C (4 - 16 hours) is closer to the correct answer, but 19 hours is a more precise estimate for the half-life of cyclospor

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): 1. Pernicious anemia is a condition caused by the inability of the stomach to absorb vitamin B12. 2. It is characterized by abnormally large red blood cells, gastrointestinal disturbances, and spinal cord lesions. 3. It predominantly affects elderly adults due to age-related decline in stomach acid production. 4. This choice accurately describes the key features and etiology of pernicious anemia. Summary of Incorrect Choices: B. This choice describes aplastic anemia, not pernicious anemia. C. This choice describes hypochromic anemia, not pernicious anemia. D. This choice is incorrect as only option A accurately describes pernicious anemia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Correct Answer: B Rationale: 1. Nicotinic acid (Niacin) primarily works by inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue, leading to decreased free fatty acids and triglycerides. 2. Triglycerides and LDL cholesterol are reduced by Niacin due to its effect on lipid metabolism. 3. High doses of Niacin can indeed cause hepatic or pancreatic disturbances, leading to the discontinuation of doses higher than 3 gm/day. 4. Cutaneous flushing and itching are common side effects of Niacin, not directly related to the drug's effect on apoproteins synthesis.