Which of the following hormones is primarily released by the thyroid gland?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Free T4 (FT4). The thyroid gland primarily releases thyroid hormones T4 and T3, with FT4 being the active form. Calcitonin is released by the thyroid but is not a primary hormone. TRH is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate TSH release from the pituitary gland. TSH is released by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid to produce and release T4 and T3. Therefore, C is the correct answer as FT4 is one of the primary hormones directly released by the thyroid gland.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. SSRI antidepressants like Citalopram typically take time to build up in the body and exert their full therapeutic effects. 2. It usually takes about 2 to 4 weeks to start noticing improvements in symptoms like mood, appetite, and concentration. 3. The full response to the SSRI may take 2 to 4 months after reaching the full therapeutic dose due to the gradual adjustment of serotonin levels. 4. Therefore, educating the patient that full response may take 2 to 4 months after reaching the full therapeutic dose is important for managing expectations and ensuring compliance with the treatment plan. Summary: - Option A is incorrect as improvements in symptoms do not occur immediately upon starting Citalopram. - Option C is incorrect as improvements in appetite and concentration typically take longer than 1 to 2 weeks. - Option D is incorrect as the improvement in dysphoric mood may take longer than 1 to 2 weeks.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: all the above. A: A drug must be dissolved in body fluids before it can be absorbed into body tissues - True, as drugs need to be in a soluble form to pass through cell membranes. B: A solid drug taken orally must disintegrate and dissolve in GI fluids to allow for absorption - True, as solid drugs need to be broken down for absorption. C: The process of converting the drug into a soluble form can be controlled by the dosage form - True, as different dosage forms affect drug dissolution. Summary: All statements are true as they explain crucial aspects of drug liberation necessary for absorption and efficacy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Displacement. When two drugs compete for the same receptor site, one drug can displace the other, leading to increased activity of the first drug. This phenomenon is known as drug displacement. A: Desired action does not describe the competition between drugs for the same receptor site. B: Synergistic effect refers to when two drugs work together to produce a greater effect than the sum of their individual effects. C: Carcinogenicity relates to the ability of a substance to cause cancer, and is not relevant to the scenario described in the question.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cryptococcus neoformans: amphotericin B. Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus causing severe meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. Amphotericin B is the first-line treatment for cryptococcal meningitis due to its efficacy against the pathogen. It works by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, disrupting membrane integrity. Griseofulvin (choice B) is used for dermatophyte infections like Trichophyton, not for Cryptococcus. Fluconazole (choice C) is used for Histoplasma and Aspergillus infections but not as effective against Cryptococcus as amphotericin B. Aspergillus fumigatus is commonly treated with voriconazole or amphotericin B, not fluconazole as in choice D.