Which of the following hormones is found within the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Releasing hormones. Releasing hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and travel through the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries to reach the anterior pituitary gland. This is where they stimulate the release of specific hormones. Gonadotropins (A) are produced by the anterior pituitary gland, not found within the portal capillaries. Catecholamines (C) are produced by the adrenal glands, not within the portal capillaries. Mineralocorticoids (D) are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, not found within the portal capillaries.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pancreas. The pancreas secretes insulin to decrease blood glucose levels and glucagon to elevate blood glucose levels. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose for energy, while glucagon triggers the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream. Adenohypophysis (B) secretes various hormones but not related to blood glucose regulation. Thyroid (C) secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly impacting blood glucose levels. Adrenal cortex (D) secretes hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, which are not primarily involved in blood glucose regulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B is correct: 1. T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland. 2. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism. 3. T3 and T4 directly influence the basal metabolic rate (BMR). 4. An increase in T3 and T4 levels leads to an increase in BMR. 5. Therefore, choice B is correct as T3 and T4 regulate the basal metabolic rate. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: - Choice A (stimulate the adenohypophysis to secrete TSH) is incorrect as TSH is produced by the pituitary gland, not affected by T3 and T4. - Choice C (stimulate osteoclastic activity, thereby elevating plasma calcium levels) is incorrect as this function is primarily attributed to parathyroid hormone, not T3 and T4. - Choice D (all is applicable) is incorrect as only choice B

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cortisol. Cortisol exerts negative feedback control on the secretion of ACTH by inhibiting the release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and ACTH from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, respectively. This feedback loop helps regulate the body's stress response and maintain hormone levels within a normal range. A: PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) does not directly regulate the secretion of ACTH. B: Glucagon regulates blood sugar levels and does not directly affect ACTH secretion. D: Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the hormone that stimulates the release of ACTH, so it does not exert negative feedback control on ACTH secretion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: He will develop an acute adrenal insufficiency. When a patient abruptly stops taking a large dose of prednisone after long-term use, it can suppress the body's natural production of cortisol. This sudden withdrawal can lead to adrenal insufficiency, a potentially life-threatening condition. The adrenal glands may not be able to produce enough cortisol to meet the body's needs, causing symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, low blood pressure, and even shock. This is a serious concern that requires medical attention. Incorrect choices: A: His arthritic pain will recur - While this is a valid concern, it is not the most serious issue compared to acute adrenal insufficiency. C: He will continue to exhibit symptoms of Cushing syndrome - Cushing syndrome is a result of prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, not sudden withdrawal. D: He will develop a moon face and buffalo hump - These are physical symptoms associated with Cushing syndrome, not acute adrenal