Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), from the posterior pituitary, regulates fluid/electrolyte balance by increasing kidney water reabsorption, concentrating urine. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) controls cortisol, luteinizing hormone (LH) governs reproduction neither directly manage fluids/electrolytes. 'All' is incorrect. ADH's role distinguishes it, vital for osmoregulation, contrasting with stress or reproductive hormones.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), from atrial walls, reduces blood volume/pressure by promoting sodium/water excretion. Cholecystokinin aids digestion, renin (kidneys) raises pressure, calcitriol (vitamin D) manages calcium. ANP's atrial origin distinguishes it, vital for cardiovascular homeostasis, contrasting with digestive or renal hormones.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) from the anterior pituitary stimulates thyroid hormone release, regulating metabolism. ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin, made in the hypothalamus, are stored/released by the posterior pituitary, managing water and lactation. Cortisol, an adrenal cortex glucocorticoid, responds to anterior pituitary ACTH, not a pituitary hormone itself. TSH's anterior origin and tropic role distinguish it, essential for pituitary-thyroid axis, unlike posterior or target gland products.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone, are synthesized in the adrenal cortex's zona glomerulosa, regulating sodium/potassium balance and blood pressure. Parafollicular cells (thyroid C-cells) produce calcitonin for calcium, not mineralocorticoids. Zona reticularis and fasciculata collaborate reticularis makes androgens, fasciculata glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol), not mineralocorticoids, though some overlap exists. Zona glomerulosa's outer-layer specificity for aldosterone distinguishes it, critical for electrolyte homeostasis, unlike thyroid or other adrenal zones' roles.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Simmond's disease, panhypopituitarism, results from pituitary damage (e.g., infarction), reducing hormone output, causing low stimulation of target glands (thyroid, adrenals, gonads). Excess GH is gigantism, renal ADH issues are diabetes insipidus, and prolactin excess is hyperprolactinemia. Low target gland activity distinguishes Simmond's, key to multi-hormone deficiency, contrasting with excess or renal disorders.