Which of the following health programs, introduced in the 1960s, expanded health coverage to older adults in the U.S.?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Medicare. In the 1960s, Medicare was introduced as a health program specifically aimed at expanding health coverage to older adults in the U.S. Medicare provides health insurance for individuals aged 65 and older, as well as certain younger people with disabilities. Medicaid (B) is a separate program that provides health coverage to low-income individuals and families. The Affordable Care Act (C) was passed in 2010 and aimed to increase access to health insurance for all Americans, not specifically targeting older adults. The Children's Health Insurance Program (D) was created in 1997 to provide health coverage to children in low-income families, not older adults.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These goals were launched in the 21st century to address various global challenges, including health, by 2030. They aim to improve global health by focusing on a wide range of interconnected issues such as poverty, inequality, education, and climate change. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Millennium Development Goals were a set of targets for developing countries established in 2000, not specifically focused on health. B: The Global Health Security Agenda focuses on strengthening global health security to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats, not achieving broader health-related goals. D: The Healthy People 2030 Initiative is a US-based initiative aimed at setting national health objectives, not global health goals.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, widespread vaccination programs. Vaccination programs played a significant role in controlling infectious diseases like polio and smallpox by creating herd immunity, reducing transmission, and preventing outbreaks. Antibiotic resistance research (A) focuses on bacteria, not viruses like polio and smallpox. Immunization against tuberculosis (C) targets a specific disease and not the broad impact of vaccines. Antiviral treatments (D) are effective for treating viral infections but do not prevent the spread of diseases on a population level like vaccination programs do.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Clean Air Act. This legislation, passed in 1970, aimed to regulate air pollution from industrial sources. It set standards for emissions and established the Environmental Protection Agency to enforce these regulations. The Clean Water Act (B) focuses on water pollution, not air quality. The Environmental Protection Agency Act (C) created the EPA but did not specifically target air pollution. The National Health Service Act (D) is unrelated to regulating industrial pollution. In conclusion, the Clean Air Act is the most relevant choice as it directly addresses improving air quality through industrial pollution regulations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Improvement of water and sewage systems. In the 1800s, the understanding of cholera transmission through contaminated water was gaining recognition. Improving water and sewage systems helped prevent the spread of cholera by providing clean water and proper sanitation. The establishment of the CDC (A) occurred much later in the 20th century and focuses on disease control and prevention in general. The use of antibiotics for cholera treatment (C) is not effective against cholera as it is caused by a bacterium that produces a toxin. The development of the cholera vaccine (D) also came later and is not a historical measure from the 1800s.