Which of the following happens if body temperature rises above normal?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Blood flow to the skin increases. When body temperature rises, blood vessels in the skin dilate to release heat through radiation. This increased blood flow helps cool the body. Melanocytes (A) are responsible for skin pigmentation and do not directly regulate body temperature. Circulation in the skin (C) actually increases to dissipate heat. Evaporative cooling (D) through sweat continues to help regulate body temperature.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: When the arrector pili muscles contract, they pull on the hair follicles, causing the hair to stand upright, resulting in goosebumps. This physiological response is triggered by emotions or cold temperature to trap air and increase insulation. The other choices are incorrect because sweat release is controlled by sweat glands, skin color changes are unrelated to arrector pili muscles, and shivering is a response to generate heat, not directly caused by arrector pili muscle contraction.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Central adiposity refers to fat accumulation around the abdomen, which is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disorders like heart disease and stroke. The excess fat in this area can lead to inflammation, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, contributing to cardiovascular issues. Liver diseases are more closely associated with visceral fat accumulation, not specifically central adiposity. Lung diseases and reproductive illnesses are not directly linked to central adiposity. Therefore, choice A is correct due to the established connection between central adiposity and cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: malignant melanoma. Malignant melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer as it originates in pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. It has the potential to spread to other parts of the body if not detected and treated early. Melanoma has a high mortality rate compared to other types of skin cancer. A: Melanosome is incorrect as it refers to the cellular organelles responsible for producing and storing melanin. B: Metastasis is incorrect as it refers to the spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another. C: Cyanosis is incorrect as it is a bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels in the blood.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: the epidermis. The epidermis is not an accessory structure of the skin; it is the outermost layer of the skin responsible for protection. Lamellar corpuscles, sweat glands, and hair follicles are accessory structures because they are not part of the main structure of the skin but serve specific functions like detecting pressure, producing sweat, and generating hair respectively. The epidermis is essential for skin integrity, while the accessory structures play roles in sensory perception and temperature regulation.