Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: decreased pH. A decrease in pH (increased acidity) causes a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, facilitating the release of oxygen from hemoglobin to peripheral tissues. This occurs due to the Bohr effect, where a decrease in pH weakens the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen, allowing for easier oxygen release. Incorrect answers: A: Decreased temperature would actually shift the dissociation curve to the left, making it more difficult for oxygen to be released from hemoglobin. C: Increased tissue PO2 would lead to less oxygen being released from hemoglobin as the gradient for oxygen release decreases. D: Decreased amounts of BPG would result in less oxygen being released as BPG helps facilitate oxygen unloading from hemoglobin in tissues.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: fissure. A fissure is a deep groove or division that separates the lung into lobes. Each lung has fissures that divide it into lobes: the right lung has an oblique fissure and a horizontal fissure, while the left lung has an oblique fissure. The mediastinum (A) is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. The root (C) is the area where structures such as blood vessels and bronchi enter or exit the lung. The pleura (D) is a membrane that covers the lungs but does not separate them into lobes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pulmonary lobule. A pulmonary lobule is the portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole. This is because each bronchiole branches into smaller airways ending in clusters of alveoli called pulmonary lobules. The other choices are incorrect because: A) Terminal bronchioles are the smallest airways in the respiratory tract, not the portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole. B) Bronchiole tree is not a specific anatomical term. D) Primary bronchioles are the branches of the main bronchi and are not associated with the specific portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because it correctly lists the branches of the bronchial tree in order: trachea-primary bronchi-secondary bronchi-tertiary bronchi-bronchioles-terminal. The trachea divides into the primary bronchi, which further divide into secondary bronchi, followed by tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and finally terminal bronchioles. Choice A is incorrect because it lists "primary bronchi_trachea" which is out of order and "tertiary_bronchioles" instead of "tertiary bronchi." Choice C is incorrect because it combines the incorrect order of branches from both A and B. Choice D, "itis," is not a valid term related to the branches of the bronchial tree.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice D is correct: 1. Post-pneumonectomy, positioning the patient on the left side allows the remaining lung to expand fully. 2. This position promotes better ventilation and perfusion, aiding in oxygenation. 3. Placing the patient on the left side also helps prevent pressure on the surgical site. 4. The left side-lying position also facilitates drainage and prevents pooling of secretions in the surgical area. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: A. High Fowler position may cause increased pressure on the surgical site and impede lung expansion. B. Semi-Fowler position may not optimize lung expansion and could lead to decreased oxygenation. C. Right side-lying position is not ideal as it does not facilitate full expansion of the remaining lung and may cause pooling of secretions.