Which of the following factors predispose a client to the development of TB?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Malnutrition. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Malnutrition weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections like TB. When a person is malnourished, their body's ability to fight off infections is compromised, increasing the likelihood of contracting TB. Option A) Exposure to toxic gases is not a direct predisposing factor for TB. TB is primarily spread through the air via droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person. Option B) Obstruction by tumor is a mechanical issue and does not directly predispose a client to TB. Tumors can compress airways, leading to respiratory symptoms, but they do not increase the risk of developing TB. Option C) Congenital abnormalities refer to structural defects present at birth. While some congenital abnormalities may affect the respiratory system, they do not specifically predispose a client to TB unless they impact the immune function or respiratory health in a way that increases susceptibility to infections. Educationally, understanding the risk factors for TB is crucial for healthcare professionals to effectively identify and support individuals at higher risk. By recognizing that malnutrition can predispose individuals to TB, healthcare providers can implement strategies to address nutritional deficiencies and improve overall health outcomes in at-risk populations. This knowledge is essential for promoting preventive measures and providing holistic care to individuals vulnerable to TB.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Requiring periodic chest x-rays and pulmonary function tests for exposed employees. This measure is critical for early detection of occupational lung diseases, allowing for prompt intervention and management to prevent further progression and complications. Option A, maintaining smoke-free work environments, while important for overall respiratory health, may not directly address the specific risks associated with occupational lung diseases caused by workplace exposures. Option B, using masks and ventilation systems, is a good preventive measure but may not be as effective as regular monitoring and early detection. Option C, workplace inspections by safety agencies, is crucial for ensuring compliance with safety standards but does not directly address individual employee health monitoring. In an educational context, emphasizing the importance of regular health monitoring for employees exposed to occupational lung disease risk factors is crucial. Educating occupational health professionals and employees about the significance of early detection through chest x-rays and pulmonary function tests can lead to better outcomes and improved occupational health and safety practices.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct action for the nurse to take first is to assess the client's level of consciousness (Choice B) because it is essential to determine the client's current neurological status and mental acuity, which can indicate the severity of the infection and the need for immediate interventions. Assessing consciousness helps in identifying any signs of respiratory distress or potential complications. Encouraging fluid intake (Choice A) is important but not the priority when the client's respiratory status is uncertain. Raising the head of the bed (Choice C) is beneficial for improving oxygenation but should come after assessing the client's consciousness. Providing humidified oxygen (Choice D) is important for respiratory support but should be based on the assessment findings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Fick's law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the surface area and concentration gradient, and inversely proportional to the distance over which diffusion occurs. Therefore, Choice A - Diffusion and Surface area is correct because surface area directly affects the rate of diffusion. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not directly relate to Fick's law. B is incorrect as membrane potential is not a factor in Fick's law. C is incorrect as water content is not a key factor in the law of diffusion. D is incorrect as pore diameter is not explicitly mentioned in Fick's law.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Delayed Hypersensitivity. The TB skin test, also known as the Mantoux test, is based on the principle of delayed hypersensitivity reaction. When Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) is injected subcutaneously, in individuals previously exposed to TB, the immune system mounts a delayed hypersensitivity reaction resulting in localized inflammation at the injection site. This reaction is mediated by T cells and is indicative of previous exposure to the TB bacterium. Incorrect choices: B: Production of antibodies - The TB skin test does not detect the production of antibodies specific to TB, but rather the cellular immune response. C: Production of Tubercle toxin - The test is not based on the production of the tubercle toxin, but on the immune response to the tuberculin PPD. D: All these - While the immune response may involve various components, such as antibodies and cellular responses, the primary basis of the TB skin test is the