Which of the following factors can influence the biodisposition of hypnotic agents?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because alterations in hepatic function due to disease can affect drug metabolism, old age can alter drug clearance rates, and drug-induced changes in microsomal enzyme activities can impact drug metabolism. Each factor directly influences the biodisposition of hypnotic agents by affecting their metabolism and elimination. Therefore, all of the factors mentioned in choices A, B, and C can influence the biodisposition of hypnotic agents.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: MAO-A primarily metabolizes norepinephrine and serotonin, as these neurotransmitters are broken down in the synaptic cleft. MAO-B mainly metabolizes dopamine. Thus, choice C is correct. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they inaccurately assign the neurotransmitters to MAO-A and MAO-B, leading to an incorrect understanding of their functions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because alcohol abuse can lead to various medical complications, including liver failure (choice A), tolerance and physical dependence (choice B), and nerve injury, ataxia, and dementia (choice C). Liver cirrhosis is a well-known consequence of chronic alcohol abuse due to liver damage. Tolerance and physical dependence develop with prolonged alcohol consumption. Nerve injury, ataxia, and dementia can result from alcohol-related vitamin deficiencies and neurotoxic effects. Therefore, all of the choices are common medical complications of alcohol abuse.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Clozapine. Clozapine is a dibenzodiazepine derivative, specifically a dibenzodiazepine antipsychotic agent. It is known for its efficacy in treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Fluphenazine (A) is a phenothiazine antipsychotic, Risperidone (C) is a benzisoxazole antipsychotic, and Droperidol (D) is a butyrophenone antipsychotic. These other options belong to different classes of antipsychotic agents and are not dibenzodiazepine derivatives like Clozapine.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mirtazapine. Mirtazapine is known to have significant alpha2-adrenoreceptor antagonism, leading to increased release of norepinephrine and serotonin. This mechanism of action helps improve mood and alleviate depression symptoms. Amitriptyline, Nefazodone, and Doxepin do not have significant alpha2-adrenoreceptor antagonism. Amitriptyline primarily works by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, Nefazodone primarily inhibits serotonin reuptake, and Doxepin primarily blocks histamine receptors.