Which of the following explanations by the nurse will help a patient understand what to expect during a bronchoscopy?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it accurately describes the procedure of bronchoscopy. The nurse's explanation should focus on the insertion of a small tube through the nose or mouth into the bronchi to visualize the airways. This information helps the patient understand the basic process and what to expect during the procedure. Choice B is incorrect as bronchoscopy does not involve breathing a radioactive substance to show diseased areas in the lungs. Choice C is also incorrect as there is no requirement to drink a thick white liquid for bronchoscopy. Choice D is incorrect as dye injection is not a standard part of bronchoscopy, and asking about allergies to dye is irrelevant in this context.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because in the humoral immune response, B cells are stimulated by T helper cells or macrophages to differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies or memory cells. This process involves the production of specific antibodies that target the foreign antigen. Choice A is incorrect because B cells do not phagocytize antigens; instead, they produce antibodies. Choice B is incorrect because T cells do not turn into plasma cells. It is the B cells that differentiate into plasma cells in the humoral immune response. Choice D is incorrect because T cells do not produce antibodies. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, not the humoral immune response.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Age-related changes. Older clients are more susceptible to immune system disorders due to age-related changes such as a weakened immune response, increased inflammation, and decreased production of immune cells. Providing special care is important to address these specific vulnerabilities. Incorrect choices: B: Use of multiple drugs (Polypharmacy) - While polypharmacy can impact the immune system, it is not the primary factor for providing special care to older clients with immune system disorders. C: Poor diet - While diet plays a role in overall health, it is not the main factor necessitating special care for older clients with immune system disorders. D: Reduced activity levels - Although physical activity is important for overall health, reduced activity levels are not the primary reason for providing special care to older clients with immune system disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cooked vegetables. Cooking vegetables helps to kill harmful bacteria and parasites that may pose a risk of infection to an immunocompromised individual like a patient with HIV. Raw fruits (A) and raw vegetables (B) may carry pathogens that can be dangerous for someone with a weakened immune system. Caesar dressing (D) may contain raw eggs, which also pose a risk for infection. Therefore, choosing cooked vegetables is the safest option to reduce the risk of infection for the patient with HIV.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: An above-normal anti-deoxyribonucleic acid. In SLE, the body produces antibodies against its own DNA, leading to the presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies. Elevated levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies are specific to SLE, confirming the diagnosis. A: Increased total serum complement levels are seen in SLE due to complement activation but are not specific to SLE. C: Negative antinuclear antibody test is not consistent with SLE, as ANA positivity is common in SLE. D: Negative lupus erythematosus cell test is not specific to SLE as lupus erythematosus cells are not always present.