Which of the following drugs was most likely prescribed for decreasing reuptake of both norepinephrine and dopamine by brain neurons?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bupropion. Bupropion is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), meaning it blocks the reuptake of both norepinephrine and dopamine by brain neurons, leading to increased levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain. This mechanism of action is specifically associated with bupropion and not the other choices. Methylphenidate primarily affects dopamine reuptake, Lamotrigine is an anticonvulsant that modulates glutamate release, and Aripiprazole is a partial dopamine agonist. Therefore, only bupropion matches the criteria of decreasing reuptake of both norepinephrine and dopamine.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hydrochlorothiazide. It is a diuretic commonly used to treat hypertension and edema by increasing urinary output. In this case, it can help alleviate the patient's urinary symptoms by reducing fluid retention. Furosemide (A) is a loop diuretic that may be too potent for this scenario. Amiloride (C) and Spironolactone (D) are potassium-sparing diuretics that may not address the underlying cause of the urinary symptoms.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Aripiprazole. This drug is an atypical antipsychotic that can be used to treat symptoms of Tourette's syndrome, such as repeated head jerking, blinking, and grimacing. Aripiprazole works by modulating dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain, helping to reduce tics and other involuntary movements. Fluoxetine (A) is an antidepressant, Clonazepam (C) is a benzodiazepine used for anxiety and seizures, and Naltrexone (D) is used for opioid and alcohol dependence. These drugs are not typically indicated for treating the symptoms described in the patient's condition.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bupropion. Bupropion is commonly prescribed for anxiety and cognitive difficulties in young adults due to its dual mechanism of action as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It can help improve both mood and cognitive function. Methylphenidate (A) is typically prescribed for ADHD, not anxiety. Paroxetine (B) is an SSRI used for anxiety disorders but may not specifically target cognitive difficulties. Guanfacine (D) is primarily used to treat ADHD and may not directly address anxiety or cognitive issues in this case.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because peripheral venous dilation reduces venous return to the heart, decreasing preload and myocardial oxygen demand. This helps in reducing workload on the heart, making it beneficial in conditions like myocardial infarction. A: Increased systolic pressure would increase cardiac workload, not beneficial in most cardiovascular disorders. B: Constriction of the renal vascular bed would reduce renal blood flow and potentially lead to renal dysfunction. C: Increased heart rate would increase myocardial oxygen demand and workload on the heart, not ideal for most cardiovascular disorders.