Which of the following drugs used in the treatment of gout acts by preventing the migration of granulocytes:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Colchicine. Colchicine is used in the treatment of gout by preventing the migration of granulocytes to the inflamed area, thereby reducing inflammation and pain. Allopurinol (A) works by reducing uric acid production, Sulfinpyrazone (B) and Indomethacin (D) work by inhibiting uric acid reabsorption and reducing inflammation through prostaglandin inhibition, respectively. These mechanisms do not involve preventing the migration of granulocytes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Thiazide diuretics are used in the treatment of recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis by reducing urinary calcium excretion. They work by increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, lowering calcium levels in urine, and decreasing the formation of kidney stones. Osmotic diuretics (A) increase urine output but do not specifically target calcium excretion. Loop diuretics (B) inhibit sodium reabsorption but can increase urinary calcium excretion and are not ideal for treating calcium nephrolithiasis. Potassium-sparing diuretics (D) primarily affect potassium and sodium levels and do not directly impact calcium excretion.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pseudomembranous colitis. Lincozamides, like clindamycin, can disrupt the normal gut flora, leading to overgrowth of Clostridium difficile and causing pseudomembranous colitis. This condition is characterized by severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and potentially life-threatening complications. Nephrotoxicity (A) is not a common side effect of lincozamides. Cancerogenity (B) is not associated with lincozamides. Irritation of respiratory organs (D) is not a typical adverse effect of this drug class.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Penicillin. Penicillin is the drug of choice for syphilis treatment due to its effectiveness in killing the bacteria responsible for syphilis, Treponema pallidum. It is the most recommended treatment by healthcare professionals and is highly effective at curing syphilis at all stages. Gentamycin (A) is not used for syphilis treatment. Chloramphenicol (C) is not effective against Treponema pallidum. Doxycycline (D) is an alternative treatment for syphilis but is not as effective as penicillin, especially in later stages of the disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because intravenous acyclovir can cause renal insufficiency due to its nephrotoxic effects. Tremors and delirium are not typically associated with acyclovir. Choice B includes common side effects like rash, diarrhea, and nausea that are not considered unwanted effects. Choice C includes neuropathy and abdominal pain, which are not common unwanted effects of acyclovir infusion. Choice D includes anemia, neutropenia, nausea, and insomnia, which are not typically associated with acyclovir infusion.