Which of the following drugs most likely caused the patient's signs and symptoms?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The signs and symptoms described in the text, such as talkativeness, mydriasis, muscle twitching, hand tremor, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate, are consistent with the effects of amphetamine use. Amphetamine is a stimulant drug that can cause these symptoms by increasing the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. Additionally, the patient being a drug user who tried different drugs supports the likelihood of amphetamine use, as it is commonly abused for its stimulant effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Colchicine. Colchicine is not useful in dysmenorrhea because it is primarily used to treat gout by reducing inflammation caused by uric acid crystals in the joints. A) Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that helps relieve pain and reduce inflammation, making it useful in dysmenorrhea. C) Ibuprofen is also an NSAID that helps reduce pain and inflammation, commonly used to alleviate dysmenorrhea symptoms. D) Rofecoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor, another type of NSAID that can be effective in managing pain associated with dysmenorrhea. Educationally, understanding the mechanisms of action of different drugs is crucial for nursing practice. Knowing which drugs are appropriate for specific conditions like dysmenorrhea ensures safe and effective patient care. It is important for nurses to be able to differentiate between various drug classes and their indications to make informed clinical decisions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Misoprostol. In the context of a newborn with transposition of great arteries needing to keep the ductus arteriosus open, Misoprostol is used because it is a prostaglandin E1 analog that helps maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus, which is crucial in certain congenital heart defects to ensure appropriate blood flow. Option A) Cortisol is a steroid hormone with anti-inflammatory properties and is not typically used to keep the ductus arteriosus open in this scenario. Option B) Indomethacin and Option C) Ketorolac are both nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that actually promote closure of the ductus arteriosus, which is the opposite effect needed in this case. Educationally, understanding the pharmacological actions of different drugs in maintaining or closing the ductus arteriosus is essential in managing congenital heart defects in newborns. Misoprostol's mechanism of action and specific indication in this context highlight the importance of precise drug selection based on physiological needs. This question challenges critical thinking and reinforces the importance of pharmacological knowledge in neonatal care scenarios.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) Acetaminophen. Acetaminophen is least likely to cause gastric ulceration compared to the other options. Acetaminophen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that works primarily in the brain to block pain signals. It does not have a significant effect on the stomach lining, making it a safer choice for patients at risk of gastric ulceration. A) Aspirin is known to increase the risk of gastric ulceration as it inhibits the production of prostaglandins that protect the stomach lining. C) Piroxicam and D) Meclofenamate are also NSAIDs that can cause irritation and ulceration of the stomach lining due to their mechanism of action. In the context of arthritis therapy, it is important for healthcare professionals to consider the gastrointestinal side effects of medications, especially in patients with a history of gastric ulcers or other stomach issues. Understanding the differences in how various drugs affect the body can help in making informed decisions to provide safe and effective treatment for patients with arthritis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) All of the above. In the treatment of allergic rhinitis, intranasal corticosteroids like beclomethasone, fluticasone, and triamcinolone are commonly used. These agents help reduce inflammation in the nasal passages, relieving symptoms such as nasal congestion, sneezing, and runny nose associated with allergic rhinitis. Option A) Beclomethasone is a nasal corticosteroid used to treat allergic rhinitis by reducing inflammation in the nasal passages, providing relief from symptoms. Option B) Fluticasone is another intranasal corticosteroid that works similarly to beclomethasone in alleviating symptoms of allergic rhinitis by reducing inflammation in the nasal passages. Option C) Triamcinolone is also an intranasal corticosteroid that is effective in treating allergic rhinitis by reducing inflammation in the nasal passages, thereby improving symptoms. Understanding the use of these intranasal corticosteroids in allergic rhinitis is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially nurses and pharmacists, as they play a significant role in educating patients on the proper administration and benefits of these medications. It is essential to differentiate these agents from other types of medications used for allergic rhinitis to ensure optimal patient outcomes and adherence to treatment regimens.