Which of the following drugs is used to treat hypertension by reducing the effects of angiotensin II?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker, blocking the effects of angiotensin II to lower blood pressure. 2. Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor, not specifically targeting angiotensin II receptors. 3. Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker, not directly affecting angiotensin II. 4. Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic that works on the kidneys, not angiotensin II receptors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys. Canagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor that works by blocking the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 in the kidneys, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion. This mechanism helps lower blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because canagliflozin does not directly impact insulin secretion from the pancreas, the breakdown of incretin hormones, or insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blocking calcium channels in the blood vessels. Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that inhibits the influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance. This ultimately results in reduced blood pressure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because amlodipine does not affect norepinephrine reuptake, stimulate beta-1 adrenergic receptors, nor increase sodium excretion in the kidneys. These mechanisms are associated with other classes of antihypertensive medications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Alendronate. Alendronate is a bisphosphonate that works by slowing down bone loss and increasing bone density in osteoporosis. It inhibits osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue. Raloxifene (A) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, not primarily used to increase bone density. Calcium carbonate (B) is a supplement to support bone health but not specifically for treating osteoporosis. Cholecalciferol (D) is a form of vitamin D used to support calcium absorption but does not directly increase bone density.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct: 1. Hydrocodone is an opioid analgesic. 2. Opioid analgesics work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain. 3. By binding to these receptors, hydrocodone modulates pain perception and response. 4. This mechanism of action is how hydrocodone alleviates pain. Summary of why the other choices are incorrect: B: Inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine - This describes the mechanism of action for antidepressants, not opioids like hydrocodone. C: Inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis - This is the mechanism of action for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), not opioids. D: Blocking sodium channels in peripheral nerves - This is a mechanism seen with local anesthetics, not opioids.