Which of the following drugs is used to reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Fexofenadine. It is a second-generation antihistamine that helps reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis by blocking the action of histamine. Histamine is released during an allergic reaction, causing symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose. Ibuprofen (B) is a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory drug, not typically used for allergic rhinitis. Loratadine (C) is another second-generation antihistamine, also used to treat allergic rhinitis. Paracetamol (D) is a pain reliever and fever reducer, not specifically used for allergic rhinitis symptoms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, which works by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure. By inhibiting its production, lisinopril helps dilate blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, and improve blood flow. This mechanism is crucial in managing hypertension. Choice B is incorrect because beta-blockers, not ACE inhibitors like lisinopril, block beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart to reduce heart rate and blood pressure. Choice C is incorrect because while lisinopril does relax vascular smooth muscle, the primary mechanism is through angiotensin II inhibition. Choice D is incorrect because lisinopril does not directly affect sodium excretion in the kidneys; instead, it primarily targets the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to regulate blood

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Amlodipine works by blocking calcium channels in the blood vessels, leading to vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance. This results in reduced blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers like amlodipine do not inhibit norepinephrine reuptake (B), stimulate beta-1 adrenergic receptors (C), or increase sodium excretion in the kidneys (D). These mechanisms are associated with other classes of medications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Warfarin. Warfarin is a commonly used anticoagulant that helps prevent thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation by inhibiting the clotting factors. It is recommended for patients with atrial fibrillation to reduce the risk of stroke. Heparin is typically used for acute treatment, not long-term prevention. Aspirin and clopidogrel are antiplatelet agents, not anticoagulants, and are less effective in preventing thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hyperglycemia. Corticosteroids can increase blood sugar levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and decreasing glucose uptake in cells. This leads to hyperglycemia. Choice A is incorrect because corticosteroids usually cause hyperglycemia, not hypoglycemia. Choice B is incorrect as corticosteroids typically increase appetite, not decrease it. Choice D is incorrect because weight gain, not weight loss, is a common side effect of corticosteroid use.