Which of the following drugs is used for systemic and deep mycotic infections treatment:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amphotericin B. Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used for systemic and deep mycotic infections due to its broad spectrum and effectiveness. It works by binding to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, leading to cell membrane disruption. Co-trimoxazole (A) is an antibiotic used for bacterial infections. Griseofulvin (B) is used for superficial fungal infections like ringworm. Nitrofungin (D) is an antifungal medication used for topical treatment. Therefore, Amphotericin B is the most appropriate choice for systemic and deep mycotic infections.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Indinavir is a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV. 2. Nephrolithiasis is a known side effect due to indinavir crystal formation in kidneys. 3. Nausea is a common gastrointestinal side effect. 4. Hepatotoxicity is a serious unwanted effect due to liver damage. 5. Hypotension, vomiting, dizziness (Option A) are not associated with indinavir. 6. Peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, hyperuricemia (Option C) are not typical side effects of indinavir. 7. Anemia, neutropenia, nausea (Option D) are not specific to indinavir. Summary: - Option B is correct as nephrolithiasis and hepatotoxicity are known side effects of indinavir. - Options A, C, and D are incorrect as they include side effects not typically associated with indinavir.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amiodarone-induced increase in digoxin plasma levels. Amiodarone inhibits digoxin clearance, leading to increased digoxin levels, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and arrhythmias. The other choices are less likely as captopril is not typically associated with hyperkalemia, amiodarone does not commonly affect atrioventricular conduction, and furosemide-induced diuresis would not explain the symptoms mentioned.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibition of carbonic acid dehydration in the tubular lumen. Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that works in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney to reduce bicarbonate reabsorption. By inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, it prevents the conversion of carbonic acid to bicarbonate and H+, leading to increased excretion of bicarbonate in the urine. This results in a systemic metabolic acidosis and a diuretic effect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because acetazolamide does not directly stimulate bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule, inhibit Na+ reabsorption in the early distal tubule, or stimulate H+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule. The primary mechanism of action of acetazolamide is through carbonic anhydrase inhibition, leading to its therapeutic effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) Digoxin. Digoxin is classified chemically as a glycoside because it contains a sugar molecule attached to a non-sugar molecule. This chemical structure is characteristic of glycosides. Digoxin is commonly used in the treatment of heart failure and certain arrhythmias. A) Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension and angina. It does not belong to the glycoside class of drugs. C) Flecainide is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent used to treat certain types of arrhythmias. It is not a glycoside. D) Cholestyramine is a bile acid sequestrant used to lower cholesterol levels. It is not classified as a glycoside. Understanding the classification of drugs based on their chemical structure is essential for healthcare professionals to accurately prescribe and administer medications. Knowing that digoxin is a glycoside helps healthcare providers understand its mechanism of action and potential side effects. This knowledge is crucial for safe and effective patient care in the management of cardiovascular conditions.