Which of the following drugs is associated with the reaction of Cinchonism?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Quinidine. Cinchonism is a condition caused by the toxicity of Cinchona alkaloids, which are found in drugs like quinine and quinidine. Quinidine is specifically known to cause symptoms of cinchonism such as tinnitus, headache, blurred vision, and nausea. Valproic acid (choice A) is an anticonvulsant, not associated with cinchonism. Isoniazid (choice C) is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and does not cause cinchonism. Ethosuximide (choice D) is an anticonvulsant used to treat absence seizures and is not linked to cinchonism.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hyperactivity. Clozapine is an antipsychotic drug used for schizophrenia treatment. Agranulocytosis is a known severe side effect of Clozapine. Hyperactivity is not a known effect of Clozapine, as it actually has a sedative effect due to its mechanism of action in the brain. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as agranulocytosis is a known side effect, Clozapine is an antipsychotic drug, and it is commonly used for schizophrenia treatment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Ethosuximide is the correct answer as it is a known trigger for Stevens-Johnson syndrome due to its association with hypersensitivity reactions. Step 2: Valproic acid can cause liver toxicity but is not typically linked to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Step 3: Quinidine is associated with drug-induced lupus but not commonly known to cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Step 4: Isoniazid is linked to drug-induced hepatitis but not typically associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. In summary, Ethosuximide is the correct choice due to its well-documented association with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, while the other options are linked to different adverse effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Quinidine. Cinchonism is a condition caused by the toxicity of Cinchona alkaloids, which are found in drugs like quinine and quinidine. Quinidine is specifically known to cause symptoms of cinchonism such as tinnitus, headache, blurred vision, and nausea. Valproic acid (choice A) is an anticonvulsant, not associated with cinchonism. Isoniazid (choice C) is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and does not cause cinchonism. Ethosuximide (choice D) is an anticonvulsant used to treat absence seizures and is not linked to cinchonism.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Elevated lipid levels. Isoflurane does not cause elevated lipid levels. Isoflurane is a general anesthetic that primarily affects the central nervous system, leading to effects like decreased respiratory function and increased blood flow to the brain. Nausea can also be a side effect of isoflurane due to its impact on the gastrointestinal system. However, there is no direct link between isoflurane and elevated lipid levels. Thus, choice A is the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Rheumatic fever. Methotrexate is not typically used to treat rheumatic fever as it is an autoimmune inflammatory condition, not typically responsive to Methotrexate. Methotrexate is commonly used to treat sarcomas, leukemias, and ectopic pregnancies due to its ability to inhibit cell proliferation. Sarcomas and leukemias are types of cancers, while ectopic pregnancy is a condition where a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nausea. Loop diuretics like furosemide work by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and water in the loop of Henle in the kidneys. This mechanism can lead to electrolyte imbalances, such as potassium deficits (choice D), and volume depletion, resulting in hypotension (choice C). Loop diuretics can also cause metabolic alkalosis (choice A) due to loss of hydrogen ions. Nausea, however, is not a common side effect of loop diuretics. Therefore, choice B is not a side effect of loop diuretics, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: COPD. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug that acts on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. It is used to treat hypotension and congestion by increasing blood pressure and dilating airways, respectively. Incontinence is not typically treated with Ephedrine. However, COPD involves bronchoconstriction, which can worsen with Ephedrine due to its vasoconstrictive effects. Therefore, Ephedrine is not used to treat COPD.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Antifungal. Drugs ending in the suffix (azole) are commonly used to treat fungal infections. The suffix indicates that the drug belongs to the azole class, which specifically targets fungal pathogens by inhibiting their growth. Therefore, a drug ending in (azole) is classified as an antifungal medication. Summary of other choices: A: H - Incorrect. There is no pharmacological relevance to the suffix (azole) in relation to the letter H. B: ACE inhibitor - Incorrect. Drugs ending in (pril) are commonly ACE inhibitors, not those ending in (azole). D: Beta agonist - Incorrect. Drugs ending in (ol) or (olol) are typically beta agonists, not those ending in (azole).