Which of the following drugs is associated with extreme photosensitivity as a reaction?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tetracycline. Tetracycline is associated with extreme photosensitivity due to its mechanism of action causing phototoxic reactions when exposed to sunlight. Digitalis (A) is a cardiac medication, niacin (B) is a B vitamin, and fluoroquinolones (D) are antibiotics, none of which are known to cause extreme photosensitivity reactions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic commonly used to treat hypertension (HTN) and congestive heart failure (CHF) by reducing blood volume and lowering blood pressure. Nephritis is an inflammatory condition of the kidneys, not typically treated with Hydrochlorothiazide as it may worsen kidney function. Hypercalciuria, excessive calcium in the urine, can be managed with Hydrochlorothiazide as it helps reduce calcium excretion. Therefore, the correct answer is C (Nephritis), as it is not typically treated with Hydrochlorothiazide due to its potential impact on kidney function.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Sexual dysfunction. Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker that primarily causes vasodilation by relaxing blood vessels. Sexual dysfunction is not a common side effect associated with Nifedipine use. Nausea, flushed appearance, and vertigo are potential side effects of Nifedipine due to its mechanism of action on the cardiovascular system. Therefore, D is the correct choice as it does not align with the expected side effects of Nifedipine.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: Lansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used to treat conditions related to excess stomach acid. Thalamus hypertrophy is not a condition affecting stomach acid production, making it unrelated to Lansoprazole use. A: Gastritis, B: Peptic Ulcers, and C: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome all involve excessive stomach acid secretion, hence Lansoprazole is used in these cases. Thalamus hypertrophy does not involve stomach acid issues, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer: C (Isoniazid) Rationale: 1. Isoniazid is known to cause drug-induced hepatitis due to its hepatotoxic effects. 2. It can lead to liver inflammation, causing hepatitis as a reaction. 3. Regular monitoring of liver function tests is essential when using isoniazid. Summary of other choices: A. Valproic acid: Can cause hepatotoxicity but not specifically linked to hepatitis. B. Quinidine: Mainly known for cardiac side effects, not commonly associated with hepatitis. D. Ethosuximide: Primarily used for treating absence seizures, not typically associated with hepatitis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Flumazenil. Flumazenil is a specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that can reverse the effects of benzodiazepine toxicity by competitively inhibiting the binding of benzodiazepines to their receptors. It works by reversing the sedative and respiratory depressant effects of benzodiazepines. Methylene blue (B) is used to treat methemoglobinemia, not benzodiazepine toxicity. Deferoxamine (C) is used for iron toxicity. Alkalinizing urine (D) is used to enhance the excretion of weak acids in the urine, not for benzodiazepine toxicity.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Distal convoluted tubule. Potassium-sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone, act on the distal convoluted tubule by blocking the aldosterone receptor, which leads to decreased sodium reabsorption and potassium retention. This mechanism helps to promote diuresis while preventing potassium loss. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because potassium-sparing diuretics do not primarily affect the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, or collecting duct in the kidney.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tetracycline. Tetracycline is associated with extreme photosensitivity due to its mechanism of action causing phototoxic reactions when exposed to sunlight. Digitalis (A) is a cardiac medication, niacin (B) is a B vitamin, and fluoroquinolones (D) are antibiotics, none of which are known to cause extreme photosensitivity reactions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: COPD. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug that acts on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. It is used to treat hypotension and congestion by increasing blood pressure and dilating airways, respectively. Incontinence is not typically treated with Ephedrine. However, COPD involves bronchoconstriction, which can worsen with Ephedrine due to its vasoconstrictive effects. Therefore, Ephedrine is not used to treat COPD.