Which of the following drugs has PPAR- γ as its target?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: PPAR-γ is a nuclear receptor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Step 2: Ciglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that specifically targets PPAR-γ. Step 3: Ciglitazone activates PPAR-γ to improve insulin sensitivity and regulate gene expression. Step 4: Metformin (B) works by reducing glucose production in the liver, not targeting PPAR-γ. Step 5: Tolazamide (C) and Repaglinide (D) are both sulfonylureas that stimulate insulin release from the pancreas, not acting on PPAR-γ.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: vulva. The vulva includes all the external female genitalia, such as the labia, clitoris, and mons pubis. It is the correct term that encompasses all these structures. The other choices, A, C, and D, represent specific parts of the female external genitalia and do not cover all components collectively. So, B is the best answer as it accurately describes the entire external female genitalia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why A (oxytocin) is the correct answer: 1. Oxytocin is known as the "love hormone" and is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor. 2. It is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. 3. Oxytocin plays a crucial role in childbirth, breastfeeding, and bonding between mother and child. Summary: B: Estrogen is a female sex hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and development of female secondary sexual characteristics. C: Granular cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that does not have any relation to uterine contractions. D: Progesterone is another female sex hormone that helps maintain pregnancy and prepare the body for childbirth, but it does not directly stimulate uterine contractions like oxytocin does.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Phenobarbital. Phenobarbital was the first agent introduced for the treatment of epilepsy in the early 1900s. It was discovered to have anticonvulsant properties and became a mainstay in epilepsy treatment. Phenytoin (A), Carbamazepine (C), and Valproic acid (D) were introduced later than Phenobarbital and are not the first agents used for epilepsy treatment. Therefore, the correct answer is Phenobarbital as it was the first agent specifically developed and used for epilepsy treatment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: D2. Atypical antipsychotics primarily target dopamine D2 receptors, reducing dopamine activity. This helps alleviate symptoms of psychosis with fewer extrapyramidal side effects compared to typical antipsychotics that target D1 receptors. Choice A: D1 receptors are not the primary target for atypical antipsychotics. Choice C: D3 receptors are not the main target, although some atypical antipsychotics may have activity at D3 receptors. Choice D: D4 receptors are not the main target for atypical antipsychotics.