Which of the following diuretics needs close monitoring with use of * potassium sparing diuretics such as spironolactone?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Furosemide. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that can cause potassium depletion, which can be exacerbated when used with potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone. This combination can lead to hyperkalemia, necessitating close monitoring of potassium levels. B: Captopril is an ACE inhibitor, not a diuretic. C: Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker, not a diuretic. D: Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that can also cause potassium depletion, but it does not specifically need close monitoring when used with potassium-sparing diuretics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis. It is the most common form of acute glomerulonephritis caused by a previous streptococcal infection. This type of glomerulonephritis typically occurs in children and young adults. The immune response to the streptococcal infection leads to the deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli, causing inflammation and kidney damage. Choice B (IgA nephropathy) is a chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by the deposition of IgA immune complexes in the glomeruli. Choice C (Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis) is a severe form of glomerulonephritis characterized by rapid loss of kidney function. Choice D (Goodpasture's syndrome) is a rare autoimmune disease affecting the lungs and kidneys, characterized by the production of antibodies against the basement membrane of the glomeruli.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Scrotum. The scrotum is a pouch of skin and muscle that houses and protects the testes, which are the actual male reproductive glands responsible for producing sperm. The scrotum also helps regulate the temperature of the testes to ensure optimal sperm production. A: Testis - While the testis is an external male genital structure, it is not the correct answer in this context as the question specifically asks for external structures. C: Epididymis - The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the back of each testicle where sperm mature and are stored. It is an internal structure and not considered part of the external genital structures. D: Vas deferens - The vas deferens is a tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation. It is also an internal structure and not part of the external genital structures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it pertains to a common genitourinary issue in older men, nocturia. Nocturnal emissions (choice B) are not typically relevant in this context. Testicular self-examination (choice C) is more appropriate for younger men, and asking about unwanted touching (choice D) is not relevant to obtaining a genitourinary history. Asking about nocturia can provide valuable information about potential prostate issues, urinary tract infections, or other conditions commonly affecting older men.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The glans is assessed for redness or lesions. This is the appropriate step for a genital examination in a 2-month-old uncircumcised infant to check for any signs of infection or abnormalities. Eliciting the cremasteric reflex (choice A) is not necessary for a routine well-baby checkup and is more relevant in assessing testicular descent. Choices B and D are incomplete or irrelevant, not addressing the specific aspect of the genital examination needed in this scenario.