Which of the following diuretics is the most potent and cause hypotension due to hypovolemia from excessive diuresis?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Furosemide. Furosemide is a loop diuretic, which is the most potent type of diuretic that acts on the loop of Henle in the kidney, leading to significant water and electrolyte loss. This excessive diuresis can result in hypovolemia and subsequent hypotension. Acetazolamide (A) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic that works in the proximal tubule and is not as potent as loop diuretics. Spironolactone (C) is a potassium-sparing diuretic that acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct, so it is not as potent as loop diuretics and does not typically cause hypotension from excessive diuresis. Hydrochlorothiazide (D) is a thiazide diuretic that works in the distal convoluted tubule and is less potent than loop diuretics like f

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (D): 1. Large or complicated calculi can lead to serious complications like kidney damage or constant bleeding. 2. Asking the client to recollect urine afresh allows for accurate testing to guide appropriate treatment. 3. Surgical treatments may be necessary but are not the immediate priority in this scenario. 4. Urgent intervention is needed to address the complications associated with the calculi. 5. Proper diagnosis and management of the underlying issues are crucial before considering surgical options. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A: Describing treatment options for renal cancer is irrelevant to the question about calculi management. B: High priority nursing diagnoses for chronic glomerulonephritis do not address the immediate issue of large or complicated calculi. C: Options for vascular access with hemodialysis are unrelated to the surgical treatment of calculi complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Intravenous fluids. Acute renal failure due to decreased blood volume requires fluid resuscitation to improve renal perfusion and function. This restores circulating volume and improves renal blood flow, helping to prevent further kidney damage. Inotropic agents (B) are used to improve heart function, erythropoietin (C) stimulates red blood cell production, and diuretics (D) increase urine output but can further decrease blood volume in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because for uncomplicated cystitis, guidelines recommend a 10 to 14-day course of ciprofloxacin to ensure bacterial eradication and prevent recurrence. A 3-day course may lead to treatment failure and the development of antibiotic resistance. Choice B is incorrect as a 3-day course is inadequate. Choice C is incorrect as patient adherence doesn't justify a shorter course. Choice D is irrelevant as it pertains to nosocomial infections, not outpatient cystitis treatment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acute Pain. The priority nursing diagnosis for a patient passing stones into the lower urinary tract is acute pain because the patient is likely experiencing severe discomfort due to the passage of stones. Managing pain is crucial for the patient's comfort and well-being. Choice B: Risk for Infection is not the priority at this time because the immediate concern is addressing the patient's acute pain. Choice C: Risk for Injury is not the priority as the patient is not at immediate risk of injury related to passing stones. Choice D: Fear of Recurrent Stones is not the priority as the patient's current focus should be on managing the acute pain.