Which of the following diuretics is most widely used to treat mild hypertension?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is the correct answer for treating mild hypertension due to its effectiveness in reducing blood volume and lowering blood pressure. HCTZ works by promoting urine production, leading to decreased fluid retention and lower blood pressure. Furosemide (A) is a loop diuretic mainly used for edema and severe hypertension. Spironolactone (B) is a potassium-sparing diuretic often used for heart failure and hyperaldosteronism. Amiloride (D) is another potassium-sparing diuretic used in combination with other diuretics. Overall, HCTZ is preferred for mild hypertension due to its efficacy, safety, and low cost.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amiloride. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that works by inhibiting aldosterone. Combining it with another potassium-sparing diuretic like Amiloride can increase the risk of hyperkalemia. On the other hand, combining Spironolactone with loop diuretics like Furosemide or thiazide diuretics like Chlorthalidone or Hydrochlorothiazide can provide synergistic effects by targeting different parts of the nephron to enhance diuresis without significantly increasing the risk of hyperkalemia. So, combining Spironolactone with Amiloride is not recommended to avoid hyperkalemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (D): 1. Large or complicated calculi can lead to serious complications like kidney damage or constant bleeding. 2. Asking the client to recollect urine afresh allows for accurate testing to guide appropriate treatment. 3. Surgical treatments may be necessary but are not the immediate priority in this scenario. 4. Urgent intervention is needed to address the complications associated with the calculi. 5. Proper diagnosis and management of the underlying issues are crucial before considering surgical options. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A: Describing treatment options for renal cancer is irrelevant to the question about calculi management. B: High priority nursing diagnoses for chronic glomerulonephritis do not address the immediate issue of large or complicated calculi. C: Options for vascular access with hemodialysis are unrelated to the surgical treatment of calculi complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Intravenous fluids. Acute renal failure due to decreased blood volume requires fluid resuscitation to improve renal perfusion and function. This restores circulating volume and improves renal blood flow, helping to prevent further kidney damage. Inotropic agents (B) are used to improve heart function, erythropoietin (C) stimulates red blood cell production, and diuretics (D) increase urine output but can further decrease blood volume in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because for uncomplicated cystitis, guidelines recommend a 10 to 14-day course of ciprofloxacin to ensure bacterial eradication and prevent recurrence. A 3-day course may lead to treatment failure and the development of antibiotic resistance. Choice B is incorrect as a 3-day course is inadequate. Choice C is incorrect as patient adherence doesn't justify a shorter course. Choice D is irrelevant as it pertains to nosocomial infections, not outpatient cystitis treatment.