Which of the following disorders results from a deficiency of factor VIII?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hemophilia A, also known as classic hemophilia, is a genetic bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of clotting factor VIII. Factor VIII is crucial for the blood clotting process, and its deficiency leads to prolonged bleeding episodes, even from minor injuries. Christmas disease, mentioned in the options, refers to Hemophilia B, which results from a deficiency in clotting factor IX, not factor VIII. Therefore, the disorder resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII is Hemophilia A.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the nurse is performing Ortolani's maneuver, which is used to assess for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants. After abducting the infant's flexed legs, the nurse should then listen for a "click" that may indicate hip instability. A positive click suggests subluxation of the femoral head and may indicate the presence of DDH. It is important for the nurse to recognize this finding promptly and report it to the healthcare provider for further evaluation and management. Rotation of the hips, extending the legs, and palpating for a mass are not the appropriate next steps in this specific assessment for DDH.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The major manifestation of nephrotic syndrome is edema. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, leading to excessive protein loss in the urine. This results in low levels of protein in the blood, particularly albumin, leading to a decrease in oncotic pressure. The decreased oncotic pressure causes fluid to accumulate in the interstitial spaces, leading to edema formation. Patients with nephrotic syndrome typically present with periorbital edema, pedal edema, and ascites due to the fluid redistribution in the body. Hematuria, hyperalbuminemia, and anemia are not typically the primary manifestations of nephrotic syndrome.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cretinism is a condition caused by congenital hypothyroidism. Common features of cretinism include umbilical hernia, wet skin, and feeding problems. Prolonged jaundice is not typically associated with cretinism. Jaundice is more commonly seen in conditions such as neonatal hepatitis or biliary atresia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The most critical physiologic change required of the newborn is the onset of breathing. Prior to birth, the fetus receives oxygen from the mother's blood through the placenta. However, once the newborn is delivered, it needs to begin breathing on its own to support oxygen exchange and remove carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system must transition from a fluid-filled state in the womb to an air-filled state outside the womb. The onset of breathing is essential for the newborn's survival and initiates the process of oxygenation of tissues and removal of carbon dioxide, which are vital for metabolism and overall physiological functioning. While closure of fetal shunts, stabilization of fluid and electrolytes, and body-temperature maintenance are also important changes that occur in the newborn, the onset of breathing is the most critical to ensure proper oxygenation of the body's tissues.