Which of the following dental conditions is characterized by the abnormal wearing away of tooth structure due to factors such as bruxism or acidic erosion?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Attrition is the dental condition characterized by the abnormal wearing away of tooth structure due to factors such as bruxism (grinding or clenching of teeth) or acidic erosion. Bruxism can cause tooth-to-tooth contact that leads to the wearing down of the tooth enamel and eventually can affect deeper layers of the tooth. Acidic erosion, on the other hand, is caused by the direct contact of teeth with acidic substances, which can lead to the gradual loss of tooth structure over time. Dental caries refers to tooth decay caused by bacteria, abrasion involves wearing away of tooth structure due to external factors like improper brushing habits, and erosion specifically relates to the loss of tooth structure caused by acidic substances.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The first responsibility of a nurse when a patient falls is to assess the patient's injury. Assessing the patient's injury immediately allows the nurse to determine the severity of the fall and provide appropriate care and interventions. It is important to assess for any signs of injury, such as pain, swelling, bruising, or altered mobility, and to address any immediate medical needs. Once the patient's injury has been assessed, the nurse can then proceed to report the incident to the head nurse, write an incident report, and notify the physician if necessary.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Preoperative nursing intervention that is essential for preparing a patient with a history of coronary artery disease for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is assisting the patient with deep breathing and coughing exercises. These exercises are crucial to prevent postoperative complications such as atelectasis and pneumonia, which are common risks after surgery. Deep breathing exercises help to expand the lungs and improve ventilation, while coughing exercises help to clear secretions and prevent respiratory complications. By assisting the patient with these exercises preoperatively, the nurse can help optimize the patient's respiratory function and decrease the risk of complications during and after surgery. Administering aspirin, providing education about pain management, and obtaining informed consent are also important aspects of preoperative care, but assisting with deep breathing and coughing exercises is particularly essential for patients undergoing CABG surgery due to the increased risk of respiratory complications in this population.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rapid capillary refill is a sign indicative of shock in a trauma patient. Shock is a life-threatening condition where the body's organs and tissues do not receive adequate blood flow and oxygen, leading to cellular damage and eventual organ failure. In a trauma patient, rapid capillary refill suggests poor perfusion, which is a common feature of shock. The capillary refill time is an important clinical assessment that measures the time it takes for color to return to the nail bed after pressure is applied. In cases of shock, the refill time is faster than normal, indicating a systemic circulatory disturbance. Other signs of shock may include tachycardia (increased heart rate), hypotension (not hypertension), and hypothermia (not hyperthermia).

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The member of the health team responsible for preparing pre-operative orders for a patient undergoing surgery, such as a coronary arterial bypass graft (CABG), is typically the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiologists are specialized physicians who are trained to administer anesthesia and manage the patient's well-being during surgery. They are responsible for assessing the patient's medical history, determining the appropriate anesthesia plan, and prescribing pre-operative medications. Cardiologists focus on diagnosing and treating heart conditions, surgeons perform the actual surgical procedure, and medical internists specialize in the diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of internal diseases. The anesthesiologist plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety and comfort of the patient before, during, and after surgery.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A living will is a legal document that outlines a person's preferences and wishes regarding medical treatment, including resuscitation, in the event they become unable to communicate or make decisions. In this scenario, the client being admitted to the oncology unit wants to convey his wishes regarding resuscitation in case of cardiopulmonary arrest. A living will helps ensure that these wishes are known and respected by healthcare providers and loved ones. While a will addresses how a person's assets should be distributed after death and a health care power of attorney designates someone to make medical decisions on the person's behalf, a living will specifically focuses on healthcare preferences and treatment decisions. A proxy directive is similar to a health care power of attorney, designating someone to make healthcare decisions for the person if they are unable to do so themselves.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The primary purpose of interdisciplinary collaboration in nursing practice is to improve communication and coordination of patient care. When healthcare providers from different disciplines work together as a team, they can share their unique perspectives, knowledge, and skills to develop comprehensive care plans that address all aspects of a patient's well-being. This collaborative approach helps ensure that the patient receives holistic and coordinated care, leading to better outcomes and patient satisfaction. Effective communication and coordination among team members also help prevent errors, reduce duplication of efforts, and promote efficient use of resources. Overall, interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for delivering high-quality, patient-centered care in healthcare settings.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The symptoms of polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (excessive hunger) are classic signs of diabetes mellitus. In this case, the presence of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and glycosuria (glucose in the urine) further support the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Insulin deficiency or resistance in diabetes leads to impaired glucose utilization and excessive glucose in the bloodstream, causing the classic symptoms observed in the patient. Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and Cushing's syndrome do not typically present with the hallmark symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The assessment finding that is indicative of the diagnosis of hypertension is consistent evaluation of blood pressure. Hypertension is diagnosed based on repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Consistently high blood pressure readings, usually defined as systolic blood pressure consistently at or above 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure consistently at or above 90 mmHg, are a key factor in diagnosing hypertension. Family history of high blood pressure (Choice A), elevation of blood cholesterol level (Choice B), and a stressful work environment (Choice C) may be risk factors for hypertension but are not diagnostic criteria. In order to diagnose hypertension, healthcare providers rely on consistent measurement and evaluation of blood pressure over time.