Which of the following definitions most accurately describes meningocele?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric respiratory disorders, understanding the concept of meningocele is crucial for nurses providing care to children with such conditions. The correct answer, option C, accurately describes meningocele as a sac formation containing meninges and spinal fluid. This definition is correct because a meningocele involves a protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the vertebrae, forming a sac that may contain cerebrospinal fluid. Option A, complete exposure of the spinal cord and meninges, is incorrect as it describes a condition known as myelomeningocele, where both the spinal cord and meninges protrude through a spinal defect. Option B, herniation of the spinal cord and meninges into a sac, is incorrect as it refers to a condition called meningomyelocele, where both the spinal cord and meninges herniate through the spinal defect. Option D, spinal cord tumor containing nerve roots, is incorrect as it describes a different entity altogether, not related to meningocele. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with neural tube defects, as accurate knowledge can guide appropriate interventions and care strategies to prevent complications and promote optimal outcomes for these patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Eruption of central incisors begins. During the 6th month, infants typically start teething, with the central incisors being the first to emerge. The symptoms of irritability and increased salivation are common signs of teething in infants. This process can cause discomfort and changes in behavior. It is important for parents to be aware of these signs to provide appropriate comfort measures for the child. Option A) The child has many sores in his mouth and gums is incorrect because teething does not cause sores in the mouth and gums. Option B) This is a normal occurrence for children 6 months and below is too vague and does not specifically address the teething process. Option D) The mouth should be cleaned because of bacterial infection is incorrect as the symptoms described are typical for teething and not indicative of a bacterial infection. In an educational context, understanding the normal developmental milestones in infants, such as teething, is crucial for healthcare providers like nurses who care for pediatric patients. By recognizing the signs of teething and knowing how to support infants and their families during this process, nurses can provide optimal care and guidance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the case of Susie, a 9-year-old diagnosed with tracheoesophageal fistula, the correct symptom noted by the nurse would be excessive drooling and abdominal distention (Option B). This is because tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital condition where there is an abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus, leading to issues with swallowing and respiratory distress. Excessive drooling occurs due to difficulty in swallowing, and abdominal distention can result from air entering the stomach through the abnormal connection. Option A, bile-stained vomiting, is not typically associated with tracheoesophageal fistula but could be seen in conditions like intestinal obstruction. Option C, projectile vomiting, is more commonly seen in conditions like pyloric stenosis. Option D, severe cyanosis and stridor, are symptoms that may be present in other respiratory disorders like epiglottitis or croup, but are not characteristic of tracheoesophageal fistula. Educationally, understanding the specific symptoms associated with different pediatric respiratory disorders is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. It helps in early identification of conditions, prompt intervention, and appropriate treatment. By knowing the unique signs and symptoms of each disorder, healthcare providers can provide efficient and effective care to improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Production of abnormally tenacious secretions by the exocrine glands. This points to cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic disorder that affects the exocrine glands, causing them to produce thick and sticky mucus. In Sonya's case, the symptoms of foul-smelling, frothy stools, failure to thrive, bronchitis, and a family history of mucoviscidosis all point towards CF. The thick mucus can block the airways, leading to respiratory issues like bronchitis and cough. Option A) Sluggish lymph circulation due to increased tortuosity of vessels is incorrect. CF primarily affects the exocrine glands, not lymph circulation. Option B) Hypertrophy of smooth muscle fiber surrounding tubular structures is incorrect. This is not a characteristic feature of CF. Option D) Obstructions of granular ducts by uric acid is incorrect. Uric acid is not associated with CF or its pathophysiology. In an educational context, understanding the pathophysiology of CF is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with respiratory disorders. Recognizing the signs and symptoms early can lead to prompt diagnosis and intervention, improving outcomes for patients like Sonya. Nurses play a key role in educating families about genetic disorders, facilitating early detection, and providing comprehensive care for children with CF.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Being acyanotic but having difficulty breathing after physical activity. In a patient with a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the abnormal blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery can lead to increased pulmonary blood flow and potentially result in pulmonary congestion. This can cause symptoms such as difficulty breathing after physical activity due to the increased workload on the heart and lungs. However, the patient may not necessarily exhibit cyanosis because PDA typically causes acyanotic heart defects. Option A) Having breathing difficulty and becoming cyanotic with slight activity is incorrect because cyanosis is not typically a prominent feature of PDA, especially in large defects. Option C) Becoming cyanotic during feeding and exertion is incorrect as PDA does not typically lead to cyanosis during these activities. Option D) Often assuming a squatting position is more characteristic of Tetralogy of Fallot and not specifically associated with PDA. In an educational context, understanding the signs and symptoms associated with different congenital heart defects like PDA is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these clinical manifestations can help nurses anticipate complications, provide appropriate care, and collaborate effectively with the healthcare team to ensure optimal patient outcomes.