Which of the following cytotoxic drugs is least likely to cause emesis during chemotherapy?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Emesis risk depends on chemotherapeutic emetogenicity. Cisplatin, dacarbazine, doxorubicin, and mustine are highly emetogenic, triggering vomiting via chemoreceptor zones. Vincristine, a vinca alkaloid, is least emetogenic, causing neuropathy instead, making it the exception. This lower risk reduces antiemetic needs, easing patient burden during treatment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Emesis risk depends on chemotherapeutic emetogenicity. Cisplatin, dacarbazine, doxorubicin, and mustine are highly emetogenic, triggering vomiting via chemoreceptor zones. Vincristine, a vinca alkaloid, is least emetogenic, causing neuropathy instead, making it the exception. This lower risk reduces antiemetic needs, easing patient burden during treatment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Sinusitis treatment often involves OTC antihistamines. Diphenhydramine , an H1 antihistamine, causes sedation, explaining the student's sleepiness during the exam. Doxycycline , an antibiotic, doesn't sedate. Doxylamine , another sedating antihistamine, is possible but less commonly linked to sinusitis OTC use. Doxazosin , an α-blocker, isn't for sinusitis. Hydroxyzine (E) sedates but is prescription-based. Diphenhydramine's widespread OTC availability and drowsiness side effect fit the scenario, impacting the student's performance.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Metoprolol selectively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and cardiac output.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Penicillin is classified as an antibiotic drug, specifically an antibacterial agent. It is used to treat various bacterial infections by inhibiting the growth of bacteria or killing them directly. Therefore, it is not categorized as an antiarrhythmic, anticonvulsant, or mood stabilizer. Instead, Penicillin falls under the classification of drugs that are effective against bacterial infections, making it an "anti-ineffective" drug.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Fried's rule for dosage calculation, the formula is to divide the child's age in months by 150 to find the fraction of adult dose that can be tolerated. Generally, a child is considered to tolerate an adult dose when they have reached 12 months of age. This is based on the assumption that a 12-month-old child can typically tolerate a dose similar to that of an adult. Therefore, the correct answer is 12 months, which is option C.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When administering a Serotonin Antagonist, it is important to monitor the patient's respiratory rate. Serotonin antagonists can have side effects that impact the respiratory system, such as respiratory depression. Monitoring the patient's respiratory rate can help identify any signs of respiratory distress or compromise early on, allowing for prompt intervention and prevention of any serious complications. It is crucial to closely monitor the patient's breathing when administering medications that can potentially affect the respiratory system to ensure patient safety.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rivastigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, treats Alzheimer's by increasing acetylcholine, improving cognition. Its transdermal patch delivers steady drug levels daily, minimizing peaks/troughs and reducing GI side effects (e.g., nausea) compared to oral forms, enhancing compliance. Donepezil, memantine, and galantamine are oral, lacking a once-daily patch; donepezil's long half-life mimics steady-state but isn't transdermal. Glatiramer treats MS, not Alzheimer's. Rivastigmine's patch formulation ensures consistent cholinergic enhancement, critical for sustained symptom relief in Alzheimer's, distinguishing it as the optimal choice here.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is most effective when taken 30 minutes before meals. This allows the medication to inhibit proton pumps during meal-stimulated acid production. Taking it after (A) or with meals (C) reduces its effectiveness. While it can be taken without regard to meals (D), taking it before meals is optimal.