Which of the following conditions is characterized by degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs, leading to narrowing of the disc space and osteophyte formation?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Spondylosis is a condition characterized by degenerative changes in the intervertebral discs, leading to narrowing of the disc space and the formation of osteophytes (bone spurs). This degenerative process commonly occurs with aging and can cause symptoms such as neck or back pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion. Spondylosis is a common finding on imaging studies like X-rays and MRI scans in individuals over the age of 50 and is a natural part of the aging process of the spine.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The aim of human sciences, including nursing as a human science, is to make meaningful interpretations of the phenomena being studied. Unlike natural sciences that may focus on prediction, control, or seeking causal explanations, the human sciences aim to understand and interpret human experiences, behaviors, and relationships in a meaningful way. In nursing, this involves not only understanding the biological aspects of health and illness but also considering the holistic and humanistic aspects of care, such as emotions, values, beliefs, and perceptions. By making meaningful interpretations, nurses can better understand their patients and provide individualized and patient-centered care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: It is important for the nurse to explore Ella's feelings further when she expresses thoughts of wishing to be dead and struggling with not having someone around. These statements indicate that Ella may be experiencing emotional distress or depression, which require immediate attention. By exploring Ella's feelings, the nurse can assess the severity of her emotional state, provide appropriate support, and potentially prevent any harm or self-harm. It is crucial to address and validate her emotions, as well as to initiate necessary interventions to ensure her safety and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Type I IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis, are promptly managed with epinephrine. Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis as it helps counteract the severe symptoms by relaxing the muscles in the airways, constricting blood vessels, and decreasing swelling. It acts quickly to reverse the potentially life-threatening effects of the allergic reaction and is crucial in managing anaphylaxis effectively. Other medications like antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine) and corticosteroids may be used as adjuncts, but epinephrine remains the primary treatment for immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Systematic meta-analysis of the literature typically involves synthesizing research findings from multiple studies on a particular topic. The most common way to gather relevant studies for a meta-analysis is by searching through electronic databases. These databases contain a wide range of peer-reviewed literature such as research articles, reviews, and conference papers. Using electronic databases ensures a comprehensive and systematic approach to finding all relevant studies needed for a meta-analysis. While doctoral dissertations and statistical methods such as those offered by Cochrane can also be valuable sources of information, an electronic database is the primary tool used for conducting a systematic meta-analysis of the literature.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The presentation described in the question (sensation of fullness and pressure in the left ear, hearing loss, occasional tinnitus, retracted tympanic membrane with decreased mobility on pneumatic otoscopy) is suggestive of serous otitis media, also known as otitis media with effusion. Serous otitis media occurs when fluid accumulates in the middle ear without signs of infection. This buildup of fluid in the middle ear space can cause the tympanic membrane to retract and reduce its mobility on pneumatic otoscopy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the case of Mang Luis, who has been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is experiencing exacerbation, the most crucial health intervention to include in the teaching plan is to reduce the risk for infection. COPD exacerbations are commonly triggered by respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis. Preventing infections is essential in managing COPD as they can lead to worsening of symptoms and increased healthcare utilization. Therefore, educating Mang Luis on strategies to reduce the risk of infection, such as proper hand hygiene, avoiding exposure to sick individuals, getting vaccinated, and managing environmental factors, is paramount in his care plan.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The suicide of her mother is the most probable historical data that led to post-traumatic stress disorder. Experiencing the suicide of a close family member, especially a parent, can be an extremely traumatic event that can have long-lasting psychological effects. Witnessing or dealing with such a tragic loss can lead to feelings of helplessness, depression, guilt, and intense emotional distress, all of which are common in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This significant and distressing event could have a profound impact on the individual's mental health and well-being, contributing to the development of PTSD symptoms such as intrusive memories, avoidance behaviors, negative mood alterations, and changes in arousal or reactivity.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The presentation described in the question is characteristic of tinea versicolor, a fungal skin infection caused by Malassezia furfur. The hypopigmented macules with fine scaling are often seen on the trunk and proximal extremities, particularly in areas that are more prone to sebum production. Patients with tinea versicolor may have a history of sun exposure and outdoor activities as the organism responsible for the infection thrives in warm, humid environments. Treatment typically involves the use of topical antifungal agents such as ketoconazole or selenium sulfide.