Which of the following conditions does not predispose to urolithiasis?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Urolithiasis is predisposed by hypercalcemia (calcium stones), hydronephrosis (stasis), pyelonephritis (infection stones), and BPH (obstruction) not spermatocele (scrotal cyst). This distinguishes stone risk factors, key for prevention, contrasting with unrelated conditions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: P pili in uropathogenic E. coli strongly link to pyelonephritis adhere to renal epithelium, aiding ascent. Mannose-sensitive are type 1 pili, not P distinct adhesins (P are mannose-resistant). Type 1 is separate P pili are Pap-encoded. Fm operon codes type 1, not P Pap genes apply. Pyelonephritis association distinguishes P pili, critical for UPEC virulence, unlike sensitivity, naming, or genetic errors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Recurrent ischemic priapism ties to PDEâ‚… dysregulation impaired cGMP breakdown prolongs erections, trapping blood. Adenosine underproduction is theoretical, not primary less evidence. Rho-kinase increase stiffens vessels, not priapism's core. Reduced relaxation follows dysregulation, not cause secondary. PDEâ‚…'s role distinguishes it, critical for ischemic priapism's molecular basis, unlike speculative, unrelated, or resultant mechanisms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: 99Tc-MAG3 excels in renal insufficiency and obstruction high extraction, shows function and drainage despite low GFR. DTPA relies on filtration less effective in insufficiency. DMSA assesses cortex, not obstruction static. EC is similar but less common MAG3 preferred. MAG3's dynamic imaging distinguishes it, key for compromised kidneys, unlike filtration or static options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: VVF from obstructed labor is the most common etiology in developing countries prolonged pressure necroses bladder/vagina. Apex location fits surgical causes, not labor less typical. Multiparity increases risk but isn't defining primips too. Large, complex fistulas are usual repair challenging. Prevalence in developing regions distinguishes it, key to obstetric fistula burden, unlike site, parity, or size errors.