Which of the following can delay lactogenesis?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In early pregnancy, lactogenesis, the process of initiating milk production, can be influenced by various factors. The correct answer is C) Stress, as stress can significantly delay lactogenesis. Stress triggers the release of cortisol, a hormone that can interfere with the production of prolactin, the hormone responsible for milk production. High stress levels can inhibit prolactin production, leading to a delay in lactogenesis. Option A) Constipation is incorrect because it does not directly impact lactogenesis. Constipation may cause discomfort but does not have a direct physiological effect on milk production. Option B) Decreasing levels of progesterone is also incorrect. While progesterone plays a role in maintaining pregnancy, its decrease is a normal part of the transition to lactation and does not delay lactogenesis. Option D) Apnoea is unrelated to lactogenesis and does not have a direct impact on milk production. Educationally, understanding the factors that can influence lactogenesis is crucial for healthcare providers working with pregnant individuals. By recognizing the impact of stress on lactation, providers can offer support and interventions to help manage stress levels and promote successful breastfeeding outcomes. It is essential to educate both healthcare providers and pregnant individuals about the importance of stress management during pregnancy to support optimal lactation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Use of this manufactured hormone induces labor or augments weak, irregular uterine contractions during labor. It is not used in the labor phase to prevent bleeding. It is not administered to decrease fetal hyperactivity. The administration of oxytocin should allow for adequate periods of relaxation between contractions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is D) Depressed deep tendon reflexes. When a patient's serum magnesium level is elevated, as in this case of magnesium sulfate administration, it can lead to hypermagnesemia. One of the hallmark signs of hypermagnesemia is the depression of deep tendon reflexes due to the inhibitory effect of magnesium on neuromuscular transmission. This presents as decreased or absent reflexes upon physical examination. Option A) Tachypnea is not typically associated with elevated magnesium levels. Instead, respiratory depression can occur in severe cases of hypermagnesemia. Option B) Muscle rigidity is more commonly seen in conditions like malignant hyperthermia or neuroleptic malignant syndrome, not specifically in cases of elevated magnesium levels. Option C) Tachycardia is not a characteristic sign of hypermagnesemia. In fact, magnesium can have a stabilizing effect on the heart and is used to treat certain cardiac arrhythmias. Educational Context: Understanding the signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in the context of administering medications like magnesium sulfate for preterm labor. Recognizing the manifestations of elevated magnesium levels can help prevent serious complications such as respiratory depression and cardiac arrhythmias. Regular monitoring of serum magnesium levels and clinical assessment for signs like depressed deep tendon reflexes are essential in managing patients receiving magnesium therapy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of administering magnesium sulfate, it is crucial for the nurse to assess the patient for respiratory depression. Magnesium sulfate is a central nervous system depressant and can lead to respiratory depression as a side effect. Monitoring the patient's respiratory rate and depth is essential to detect any signs of respiratory distress promptly. Regarding the other options: A) Dry, pale skin: This is not a typical assessment finding associated with magnesium sulfate administration. Dry, pale skin may indicate other issues such as dehydration or poor perfusion. C) Agitation: Agitation is not a common side effect of magnesium sulfate. Instead, magnesium sulfate is known to have a calming effect on the central nervous system. D) Tachycardia: While magnesium sulfate can affect heart rate, it is more likely to cause bradycardia rather than tachycardia. Therefore, tachycardia would not be the primary assessment focus when administering magnesium sulfate. From an educational perspective, understanding the potential side effects and assessments related to medications like magnesium sulfate is crucial for nurses to ensure patient safety and optimal outcomes. Proper assessment skills and knowledge of medication effects are essential components of nursing practice to provide high-quality care to patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In early pregnancy, gastroesophageal reflux is a common issue due to hormonal changes and the growing uterus putting pressure on the stomach. The most highly recommended medication for this symptom is Ranitidine (Zantac). Ranitidine is a histamine-2 blocker that reduces stomach acid production, providing relief from reflux without adverse effects on the fetus. Option A, Terbutaline (Brethine), is a bronchodilator used to relax the uterus in preterm labor, not indicated for reflux. Option B, Diphenoxylate (Lomotil), is an antidiarrheal medication, not effective for reflux. Option D, Chlorothiazide (Diuril), is a diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and edema, not relevant for gastroesophageal reflux. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind choosing the correct medication reinforces the importance of considering the physiological changes in pregnancy and selecting safe and effective treatments. It also highlights the need for healthcare providers to have a comprehensive knowledge of medications commonly used in pregnancy to provide optimal care for pregnant individuals.