Which of the following can act as a hunger signal?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Emotional factors . Emotions like stress or boredom can trigger hunger via cortisol or dopamine pathways, overriding physiological satiety, as seen in emotional eating research. Choice A is false; high glucose signals satiety, reducing hunger via insulin and leptin. Choice B is incorrect; a full stomach activatstretch receptors, suppressing appetite through vagal feedback. Choice C is wrong; high temperaturtypically reduce food intake for thermoregulation, unlike cold. Choice D is false; heating the brain (e.g., lateral hypothalamus) may suppress hunger, not stimulate it, per animal studies. Emotional factors uniquely act as psychological hunger cues, distinct from physical signals, evident in stress-induced snacking, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Anxiety in the patient during the consultation , which donot improve compliance. Anxiety impairs understanding and trust, reducing adherence, per psychological studies. Choice A is true; mutual trust fosters cooperation, enhancing compliance (e.g., shared decision-making). Choice B is correct; doctor confidence reassurpatients, boosting adherence. Choice D is accurate; fewer medications simplify regimens, improving compliance, per clinical guidelines. is true; long half-life drugs reduce dosing frequency, aiding adherence. Cs negative effect e.g., anxious patients forgetting instructions contrasts with the positive impacts of A, B, D, E, making it the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: They do not distort reality , which is false. Defense mechanisms (e.g., denial, projection) often distort reality to reduce anxiety, per Freudian theory. Choice A is true; they operate unconsciously (e.g., repressing trauma). Choice B is correct; they protect the ego from distress. Choice C is accurate; stress triggers them (e.g., rationalizing failure). is true; overuse (e.g., chronic denial) can heighten anxiety when reality intrudes. Ds falsehood distortion is their hallmark, as in projection attributing faults to others contrasts with the protective, unconscious truths of A-C, E, making it the exception and correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Recklessness , which is not a Big Five trait. The Big Five are Openness , Conscientiousness, Extraversion , Agreeableness , and Neuroticism (opposite of emotional stability, D). Recklessness might relate to low conscientiousness but isnt a core dimension. Choice A (extraversion) reflects sociability; B (agreeableness) cooperation; D (emotional stability) calm; E (openness) creativity. Cs exclusion lacking status in the OCEAN model, per Costa & McCrae contrasts with the validated traits A, B, D, E, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Some can be generated from fear of sickness . Fear drivillness behavior (e.g., hypochondria) and sick role adoption, per behavioral studies. Choice B is false; illness behavior can be irrational (e.g., denial). Choice C is incorrect; sick role is temporary, per Parsons. Choice D is wrong; societal norms define the sick role. is false; seeking help is core to illness behavior. As truth fear as a motivator, seen in anxiety-driven doctor visits contrasts with the definitional errors of B-E, making it the correct answer.