Which of the following blood types would the nurse identify as the rarest?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (AB). AB blood type is the rarest because it is a result of inheriting both A and B alleles, making it less common in the population. AB individuals can only receive blood from other AB individuals due to their unique antigens. Blood types A, B, and O are more common in the population, with O being the most common as it is the universal donor. Blood type A and B are more common than AB since they only require one allele for their respective antigens. Thus, the rarity of AB blood type is due to the inheritance of both A and B alleles, making it the least common among the choices provided.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because washing feet in hot water can lead to burns or skin damage for those with diabetes. A: Proper footwear is essential for preventing foot injuries. B: Trimming toenails straight across helps prevent ingrown nails. D: Wearing shoes on hot surfaces prevents burns or blisters. Overall, C is incorrect due to the potential harm it can cause to diabetic feet.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "Eliminate background noise." This technique is essential for older patients as they may have age-related hearing impairments. By reducing background noise, the patient can better focus on the information being conveyed. Sitting in bright sunlight (A) may cause glare and make it difficult to read or see clearly. Speaking in a high tone (B) may be perceived as aggressive or patronizing. Using small, white-on-black printed materials (C) may be challenging for older patients with visual impairments. Thus, eliminating background noise is the most effective technique to improve learning in preoperative older patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (AB). AB blood type is the rarest because it is a result of inheriting both A and B alleles, making it less common in the population. AB individuals can only receive blood from other AB individuals due to their unique antigens. Blood types A, B, and O are more common in the population, with O being the most common as it is the universal donor. Blood type A and B are more common than AB since they only require one allele for their respective antigens. Thus, the rarity of AB blood type is due to the inheritance of both A and B alleles, making it the least common among the choices provided.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because hyperkalemia presents with symptoms such as muscle weakness, diarrhea, and ECG changes. Muscle weakness is a common sign due to potassium's effect on neuromuscular function. Diarrhea can lead to potassium loss. ECG changes, such as peaked T waves and widened QRS complexes, indicate cardiac involvement. Assessing for these symptoms helps monitor the severity of hyperkalemia and guide treatment. Other choices are incorrect because assessing for fever and chest pain (choice A) are not specific to hyperkalemia. Encouraging fluid restriction (choice C) may not directly address hyperkalemia. Preparing for a cardiac ultrasound (choice D) is not an immediate intervention for hyperkalemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ankylosing spondylitis. This disease process is characterized by chronic progressive inflammation of the sacroiliac and costovertebral joints and adjacent soft tissue. Ankylosing spondylitis specifically affects the spine and large joints. Rheumatoid arthritis (A) is characterized by joint inflammation and primarily affects small joints. Scoliosis (B) is a condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, not inflammation of the sacroiliac and costovertebral joints. Kyphosis (C) is an excessive outward curvature of the spine, not related to inflammation of the sacroiliac and costovertebral joints.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is the virus that causes genital warts. It is transmitted through sexual contact and is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Cytomegalovirus (A) does not cause genital warts. Herpes simplex virus type II (C) causes genital herpes, not warts. Human immunodeficiency virus (D) causes AIDS and weakens the immune system but does not directly cause genital warts.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: avoid caffeine, alcohol, and chocolate. This helps to reduce acid reflux symptoms associated with hiatal hernia. Caffeine, alcohol, and chocolate can relax the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to increased reflux. Elevating legs (choice A) does not address the underlying issue. Drinking more fluids (choice B) can exacerbate symptoms by increasing stomach volume. Increasing roughage (choice C) may worsen symptoms due to increased gastric distension. By avoiding triggers like caffeine, alcohol, and chocolate, the client can effectively manage her symptoms.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. In Addison's disease, the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone. This leads to sodium and potassium imbalances. Low aldosterone causes sodium loss and potassium retention, resulting in sodium and potassium abnormalities. The other choices, A, B, and C, do not directly relate to Addison's disease. Calcium and phosphorus abnormalities are not typically associated with Addison's disease. Sodium and chloride, and chloride and magnesium imbalances are not primary concerns in Addison's disease. Therefore, staying alert for signs and symptoms of sodium and potassium abnormalities is crucial in managing and monitoring a client with Addison's disease.