Which of the following beta receptor antagonists is preferable in patients with asthma diabetes or peripheral vascular diseases?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Metoprolol. Metoprolol is a cardioselective beta blocker, meaning it primarily targets beta-1 receptors in the heart and has minimal effect on beta-2 receptors in the lungs. This makes it preferable in patients with asthma as it reduces the risk of bronchoconstriction compared to non-selective beta blockers like Propranolol (choice A). Metoprolol also has a lower risk of masking hypoglycemic symptoms in diabetic patients compared to non-selective agents. Nadolol (choice C) and Timolol (choice D) are non-selective beta blockers and may worsen asthma and peripheral vascular diseases due to their effects on beta-2 receptors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Lacosamide is a sodium channel blocker, working by enhancing slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. 2. It is used as an adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures in adults. 3. Lacosamide is also approved for the treatment of generalized seizures in certain patients. 4. Carbamazepine (A) is a sodium channel blocker but is primarily used for focal seizures. 5. Ethosuximide (C) is a T-type calcium channel blocker used for absence seizures. 6. Lamotrigine (D) is a sodium channel blocker but is mainly used for focal and generalized seizures, not as an adjunctive therapy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fentanyl. Fentanyl is a phenylpiperidine derivative due to its specific chemical structure containing a piperidine ring attached to a phenyl group. Codeine (A) is an opioid, but not a phenylpiperidine derivative. Dezocine (B) is a benzomorphan derivative. Buprenorphine (D) is a thebaine derivative. Fentanyl stands out as the only option that fits the phenylpiperidine derivative category.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Analgin. Analgin is a pirazolone derivative, specifically metamizole. It is a non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic medication. Methylsalicylate is a salicylate derivative used as a topical pain reliever. Paracetamol is an analgesic and antipyretic drug but not a pirazolone derivative. Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) but not a pirazolone derivative. Therefore, Analgin is the only choice that fits the criteria of being a pirazolone derivative.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Lithium treatment is associated with various adverse effects. Cardiovascular anomalies in the newborn can occur if lithium is taken during pregnancy. Thyroid enlargement is a common side effect of lithium, as it interferes with thyroid hormone synthesis. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is another well-known adverse effect of lithium, leading to excessive urination and thirst. Choosing option D is correct as it encompasses all the mentioned adverse effects associated with lithium treatment. Other choices are incorrect as they do not cover the full spectrum of adverse effects linked to lithium.