Which of the following behaviors exemplifies a toddler working through his developmental task?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, understanding child development is crucial as it influences how medications may affect different age groups. In this case, the correct answer is B) Refusing to take a bath, as it exemplifies a toddler working through his developmental task of asserting independence and autonomy. Toddlers often go through a stage where they resist activities as a way of asserting their own will and autonomy. By refusing to take a bath, the toddler is demonstrating independence and testing boundaries, which is a normal part of their developmental process. Option A) Clinging to his mother may indicate separation anxiety or a need for comfort rather than working through a developmental task. Option C) Playing quietly with one toy could be a sign of engagement and focus but does not necessarily relate to a specific developmental task. Option D) Having no interest in a new toy could simply be a preference or mood-related behavior rather than a developmental task. Understanding these behaviors in the context of child development can help healthcare providers, including pharmacologists, tailor their approaches when working with pediatric patients and their families. By recognizing and supporting these developmental tasks, healthcare professionals can provide more holistic care that considers the emotional and psychological needs of the child.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) The dosage should be at the recommended dose. When a medication is renally excreted, it means that the drug is primarily eliminated from the body through the kidneys. In pediatric patients, especially younger children like the 5-year-old in this case, their renal function is not fully matured compared to adults. This means that their ability to efficiently clear medications from their system is reduced. Therefore, when dosing medications that are renally excreted in pediatric patients, it is crucial to consider their renal function and adjust the dosage accordingly. Giving a dose lower than recommended (Option A) may result in subtherapeutic levels of the medication, leading to ineffective treatment. Conversely, administering a dose higher than recommended (Option C) can increase the risk of toxicity due to the reduced clearance of the drug in the child's developing kidneys. Option D, stating that the medication should not be administered, is not the correct choice in this situation. Instead, a careful assessment of the child's renal function, along with consideration of the medication's pharmacokinetics and dosing guidelines for pediatric patients, should guide the nurse in determining the appropriate dosage to ensure both safety and therapeutic effectiveness. This question highlights the importance of understanding pharmacokinetic principles and individualizing medication dosages based on patient factors, especially in vulnerable populations such as pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Give it to her imaginary friend. In this scenario, the child's behavior aligns with typical developmental milestones for a 4-year-old. Children around this age often engage in imaginative play, create imaginary companions, and attribute thoughts and feelings to them. This behavior is a normal part of cognitive development and helps children explore social interactions and emotions in a safe and creative way. Option A) Eat it herself is less likely because the child is already full from the first cup of yogurt. Option B) Ask her brother if he wants it is less likely as the child is focused on her own interaction with her imaginary friend. Option C) Feed it to her dog is less likely as there is no mention of a dog in the scenario. Understanding children's cognitive and social development is crucial in pharmacology and healthcare. By recognizing typical behaviors at different ages, healthcare professionals can better communicate with and understand pediatric patients, leading to improved health outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option A) Educate the public about violence and the potential for abuse. This is because primary prevention strategies aim to prevent child abuse before it occurs by raising awareness and educating the community about the signs, consequences, and ways to prevent abuse. By educating the public, the nurse can empower individuals to recognize and report suspected cases of abuse, ultimately creating a safer environment for children. Option B) Remove a child who has been abused from the home is not a primary prevention strategy but rather a response to an existing case of abuse, falling under secondary prevention. Option C) Report a case of child abuse is also a secondary prevention strategy aimed at intervening once abuse has occurred. Option D) Refer a parent who abused their child to counseling is a tertiary prevention strategy focused on interventions after abuse has taken place to prevent its recurrence. In an educational context, understanding the different levels of prevention strategies in child abuse is crucial for healthcare professionals to effectively address and combat this issue. By implementing primary prevention strategies like education and awareness, nurses can play a proactive role in preventing child abuse and promoting the well-being of children in the community.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) 4 years old. At around 4 years old, children typically start developing the ability to throw a ball overhand with some coordination and control. This milestone is a result of the maturation of their gross motor skills, including improved hand-eye coordination and muscle strength. Option A) 3 years old is incorrect because children at this age usually lack the necessary coordination and strength to perform an overhand throw effectively. Option C) 5 years old and Option D) 6 years old are also incorrect as children at these ages would typically have already mastered the skill of throwing a ball overhand. Understanding the typical developmental milestones of children's gross motor skills is essential for educators, especially school nurses, as it helps in assessing and supporting children's physical development. By knowing what skills are developmentally appropriate for certain ages, educators can provide appropriate guidance and interventions to support children's overall growth and well-being.