Which of the following behaviors by a preschooler indicates use of an effective coping mechanism?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and health promotion in nursing, understanding effective coping mechanisms in children is crucial for providing holistic care. In this scenario, option C, where the preschooler states what he is upset about, indicates the use of an effective coping mechanism. This behavior demonstrates the child's ability to identify and communicate their emotions, which is a healthy way to express and manage feelings. By verbalizing their emotions, the child is engaging in self-awareness and emotional regulation, which are important skills for mental well-being. On the other hand, options A, B, and D represent less effective coping strategies. Walking away from a situation (option A) may temporarily remove the child from stress but does not address the underlying issue. Blaming others (option B) can lead to avoidance of personal responsibility and hinder the development of problem-solving skills. Having a temper tantrum (option D) is an expression of uncontrolled emotions and does not promote constructive coping mechanisms. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of teaching children healthy coping strategies from a young age. Nurses play a vital role in promoting emotional intelligence and resilience in children, which can positively impact their overall health and well-being. By recognizing and reinforcing effective coping mechanisms, healthcare professionals can support children in developing lifelong skills for managing stress and emotions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and health promotion, understanding the leading causes of death in adolescents is crucial for nurses to provide holistic care. The correct answer, B) Suicide, is the third leading cause of death in adolescents between 10 and 24 years of age. This knowledge is essential for nurses to assess and intervene in mental health issues among this vulnerable population. Option A) Accidents are a common cause of death in adolescents, but they typically rank higher than third place. Nurses must educate adolescents on safety measures to prevent accidents. Option C) Cancer is a significant cause of death in older age groups but is less common in adolescents. Nurses should still promote healthy lifestyle choices to reduce cancer risk later in life. Option D) Sport injuries, while prevalent in adolescents, are usually not a leading cause of death. Nurses should focus on promoting safe sports participation and injury prevention strategies. Understanding the specific causes of mortality in adolescents helps nurses tailor health promotion strategies to address the most pressing issues and provide targeted interventions to enhance the well-being of this age group.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, option C, "The lack of breast buds," requires further investigation. This finding is concerning because breast buds typically begin to develop in girls around the age of 10-11, indicating the onset of puberty. The absence of breast buds in a 14-year-old female suggests a delay in pubertal development, which may be indicative of an underlying health issue that requires assessment and intervention by a healthcare provider. Option A, "A height spurt since her last visit," is a normal physiological change during adolescence as growth spurts commonly occur during this period. It is not a cause for concern but rather a typical developmental milestone. Option B, "Facial acne," is also a common occurrence during adolescence due to hormonal changes. While acne may be distressing for the individual, it is not generally an indicator of a significant health problem and can be managed through appropriate skincare routines and, in some cases, medical treatment. Option D, "Noticeable sweating and body odor with activity," is another expected change during puberty due to increased activity of sweat glands and hormonal changes. While body odor can be bothersome, especially during adolescence, it is a normal part of development and can be managed through good hygiene practices. Educationally, understanding the normal developmental milestones during adolescence is crucial for healthcare providers working with this age group. Recognizing deviations from the expected patterns can help identify potential health concerns early and provide appropriate interventions or referrals for further evaluation. Regular physical exams and assessments are essential in monitoring adolescents' growth and development to ensure optimal health outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In Erikson's psychosocial theory, the intimacy vs isolation stage typically occurs in early adulthood, around ages 20 to 40. This stage is marked by the struggle to form close, intimate relationships with others while maintaining a sense of independence. Option D, the 26-year-old woman in a long-term relationship, best represents transitioning to the intimacy vs isolation stage as being in a committed, long-term relationship demonstrates the ability to form deep emotional connections and intimacy with another person, which is a key aspect of this stage. Option A, the 21-year-old man with numerous short-term intimate relationships, does not exhibit the depth of intimacy and commitment characteristic of Erikson's intimacy vs isolation stage. This behavior suggests a struggle with forming lasting, meaningful relationships. Option B, the 25-year-old woman focused on peer perception, may indicate a preoccupation with external validation and fitting in rather than developing intimate relationships, which is more characteristic of the identity vs role confusion stage that precedes intimacy vs isolation. Option C, the 30-year-old man looking for his first full-time job, is not directly related to the intimacy vs isolation stage of development. This scenario pertains more to the stage of establishing oneself in the workforce and achieving financial independence. Understanding Erikson's stages of development is crucial for healthcare providers, especially nurses, as it helps them assess and support individuals at different life stages. Recognizing where a person is in their developmental journey can inform nursing interventions aimed at promoting holistic health and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this context, the correct answer is B) Binge drinking and driving. It is a leading cause of death in young adults due to the dangerous combination of impaired judgment, reduced coordination, and delayed reaction time associated with alcohol consumption. Driving under the influence significantly increases the risk of accidents, injuries, and fatalities. Option A) Tobacco use is a major cause of mortality, but it is more commonly associated with chronic conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases rather than being a leading cause of death in young adults. Option C) Illegal drug use can indeed be harmful and lead to fatalities, but it is not as prevalent or directly linked to deaths in young adults compared to binge drinking and driving. Option D) HIV infection, while a serious health concern, is not one of the leading causes of death in young adults, especially in regions where preventive measures and treatment are widely available. Educationally, understanding the risks associated with alcohol consumption and driving is crucial for young adults to make informed decisions about their behaviors, prioritize safety, and promote responsible choices to prevent avoidable tragedies. Pharmacology education plays a vital role in highlighting the effects of substances on the body, emphasizing the importance of responsible drug use, and promoting health promotion strategies to enhance overall well-being.