Which of the following bacteria is responsible for producing a neurotoxin that causes tetanus?

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Question 1 of 9

Which of the following bacteria is responsible for producing a neurotoxin that causes tetanus?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Clostridium tetani. Clostridium tetani produces tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin causing tetanus. It enters the body through wounds and affects the nervous system. A: Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum toxin causing botulism, not tetanus. C: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, not tetanus. D: Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, not tetanus.

Question 2 of 9

Which of the following bacteria is responsible for producing a neurotoxin that causes tetanus?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Clostridium tetani. Clostridium tetani produces tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin causing tetanus. It enters the body through wounds and affects the nervous system. A: Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum toxin causing botulism, not tetanus. C: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, not tetanus. D: Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, not tetanus.

Question 3 of 9

Which of the following is a key feature of anaerobic bacteria?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because anaerobic bacteria can grow in environments without oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria do not require oxygen for their metabolism and energy production. They can thrive in oxygen-deprived conditions by using alternative electron acceptors. Choice A is incorrect because anaerobic bacteria do not require oxygen to survive. Choice C is incorrect because anaerobic bacteria typically cannot survive in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen. Choice D is incorrect because anaerobic bacteria do not perform photosynthesis.

Question 4 of 9

Each of the following statements concerning gram-negative rods is correct EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A is incorrect because whooping cough resurgence is mainly due to decreased vaccine immunity, not changing antigenicity. B is correct as P. aeruginosa can indeed cause infections with blue-green pus due to its pigment production. C is correct as H. influenzae type b capsule is a virulence factor contributing to invasive disease. D is correct as Legionella infection is acquired via inhalation of contaminated water aerosols. Therefore, A is incorrect as the rise in whooping cough is not due to changing antigenicity but vaccine immunity decline.

Question 5 of 9

Generalized meningococcal infection is usually treated with antibiotic drugs EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nystatin. Nystatin is an antifungal medication, not an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections like generalized meningococcal infection. Penicillin G, macrolides, and chloramphenicol are antibiotics commonly used to treat bacterial infections, including meningococcal infections. Penicillin G is the drug of choice for meningococcal infections, while macrolides and chloramphenicol are alternative options. Nystatin is not effective against bacteria, so it is not a suitable treatment for meningococcal infections.

Question 6 of 9

Which of the following is not a method used by bacteria to acquire genetic material?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Binary fission. Binary fission is a method of bacterial cell division, not a method of acquiring genetic material. Transformation, conjugation, and transduction are mechanisms through which bacteria can acquire genetic material from other sources. Transformation involves the uptake of naked DNA from the environment, conjugation is the transfer of genetic material through direct cell-to-cell contact, and transduction is the transfer of genetic material via bacteriophages. Therefore, binary fission is the only option that does not involve the acquisition of new genetic material.

Question 7 of 9

During the staining of sputum smear of a patient with suspected croupous pneumonia the following reactives and stainers were used: gentian violet solution, Lugol's solution, 960 spiritus and water fuchsin. What method of staining is used in this case?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Leffler's method. In this staining method, gentian violet solution is used as the primary stain, followed by Lugol's solution as a mordant, 960 spiritus as a decolorizer, and water fuchsin as a counterstain. Gentian violet stains the organisms purple, Lugol's solution helps in fixing the dye, 960 spiritus decolorizes non-specifically, and water fuchsin acts as a counterstain to help visualize the bacteria. Leffler's method is specifically used for staining sputum smears in suspected cases of croupous pneumonia. Summary: B: Gram's staining uses crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, and safranin. It is mainly used for distinguishing between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. C: Ziehl-Neelsen's staining is used for acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis using carbol fuchsin and acid-alcohol

Question 8 of 9

Which one of the following statements about the cytoplasmic membrane of the prokaryotes is true?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the structure of the cytoplasmic membrane in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is fundamentally different. Gram-positive bacteria have a single-layered cytoplasmic membrane, while gram-negative bacteria have a double-layered cytoplasmic membrane with an additional outer membrane. This key difference is crucial for various functions such as antibiotic resistance and nutrient transport. Rationale for the incorrect choices: A: Gram-positive bacteria have a single-layered cytoplasmic membrane, not a double-layered one. C: Prokaryotes do have a cytoplasmic membrane, which is essential for maintaining cell integrity and regulating the passage of molecules. D: Gram-negative bacteria have a double-layered cytoplasmic membrane, not a three-layered one.

Question 9 of 9

All of the following reactions are used for the serological identification of Yersinia pestis, EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Agglutination test type Gruber. This is because the Gruber agglutination test is not typically used for the serological identification of Yersinia pestis. The other options (A, B, C) are commonly used methods for serological identification of Y. pestis: A) Precipitation reaction involves the formation of a visible precipitate when Y. pestis antigen reacts with specific antibodies. B) Indirect hemagglutination test detects antibodies against Y. pestis by measuring the agglutination of red blood cells. C) Immunofluorescence test uses fluorescently labeled antibodies to detect specific antigens of Y. pestis. In summary, the Gruber agglutination test is not a standard method for serological identification of Yersinia pestis, unlike the other options provided.

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