Which of the following are not found in the glomerular filtrate?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Proteins are too large to filter into Bowman's capsule, unlike glucose, uric acid, and creatinine (small molecules). This distinguishes filtration selectivity, critical for normal renal function, contrasting with filtered solutes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The renal capsule (fibrous) encases the kidney, not cortex, medulla (inner), or pelvis (collecting). This distinguishes external anatomy, critical for protection, contrasting with internal regions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Renin, an enzyme from JG cells, initiates RAAS to raise BP, not aldosterone (steroid), angiotensinogen (substrate), or angiotensin II (product). This identifies BP regulator, critical for hypertension, contrasting with downstream factors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Renal stones include calcium oxalate, uric acid, and magnesium phosphate not cholesterol (biliary stones). This distinguishes urinary stone composition, critical for treatment, contrasting with lipid-based calculi.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Distal convoluted tubule follows the ascending limb, not descending (before), PCT (earlier), or collecting duct (later). This sequences nephron flow, critical for reabsorption, contrasting with misordering.