Which of the following are known to cause cancer?

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A. Viruses B. Radiation C. Chemicals D. All of these

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All are carcinogenic: viruses (e.g., HPV), radiation (e.g., UV), and chemicals (e.g., asbestos).

Which of the following is not a tumour suppressor gene?

A. APC B. NF1 C. RB1 D. RET

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: RET is a proto-oncogene (gain-of-function in cancer); APC, NF1, RB1 are tumor suppressors.

The presence of an extra digit is referred to as:

A. arachnodactyly B. brachydactyly C. clinodactyly D. polydactyly

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Polydactyly is the term for extra digits.

Which of the following is an example of monosomy?

A. 46,XX B. 47,XXX C. 69,XYY D. 45,X

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Monosomy is one chromosome missing; 45,X (Turner syndrome) is a monosomy.

Which of the following trisomy karyotypes has the mildest effect on human development?

A. 47,XXX B. 47,XXY C. 47,XX,+13 D. 47,XY,+21

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: 47,XXX (Triple X) has the mildest effects (often asymptomatic) compared to XXY (Klinefelter), +13 (Patau), +21 (Down).

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