Which of the following are considered desirable features for a Flu vaccine

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above A, B, and C". Step 1: Induction of a neutralizing antibody response (A) is crucial as it helps prevent the virus from infecting cells. Step 2: Induction of a cytotoxic T cell response (B) is important to eliminate infected cells and stop the spread of the virus. Step 3: Protection against multiple strains (C) is desirable to ensure broad coverage against different flu strains. Combining A, B, and C in a vaccine would provide comprehensive protection against the flu by targeting different aspects of the immune response. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect individually as they each address only one aspect of a desirable flu vaccine, whereas the correct answer D encompasses all three crucial features.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are sentinel cells in tissues that detect pathogens and activate the immune response. They are crucial in initiating adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens to T cells. T lymphocytes (A) are involved in adaptive immunity, not innate immunity. B lymphocytes (C) mature into plasma cells (D) which produce antibodies, but they are not sentinel cells in tissues like dendritic cells.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because modern immunology indeed builds on the groundbreaking contributions of scientists like Jenner and Pasteur. Their work laid the foundation for understanding concepts like vaccination and immune responses. Choice A is incorrect because modern immunology encompasses both innate and adaptive immunity. Choice C is incorrect as immunology extends beyond tissue healing to include immune responses to pathogens and self-cells. Choice D is incorrect as immunology is a rapidly evolving field with significant advancements in understanding immune mechanisms and developing new treatments.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because hosts developing epigenetic changes for immune adaptation is a significant consequence of the evolutionary arms race between hosts and pathogens. This adaptation allows hosts to better defend against evolving pathogens over time. This process is dynamic, as both hosts and pathogens continuously evolve in response to each other. Choice A is incorrect because pathogens can evolve rapidly to adapt to host defenses. Choice C is incorrect because while hosts may have mutations that provide advantages, pathogens can also evolve to overcome host defenses. Choice D is incorrect as the interaction between hosts and pathogens is characterized by constant adaptation and change, not remaining static.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) identify Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) because PAMPs are unique molecules found on pathogens that trigger an immune response. PRRs recognize these patterns to distinguish between self and non-self. This recognition is crucial for initiating an immune response against potential threats. Specific antigens (A) and specific viruses only (D) are too narrow in scope as PRRs are designed to detect a wide range of patterns. Host self-proteins (C) are recognized by other mechanisms in the immune system to prevent autoimmunity.