Which of the following are concepts related to nursing theory? (select all that apply)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Environment. Nursing theory often includes the concept of environment, which encompasses physical, social, and psychological factors influencing a patient's health. This concept helps nurses understand the context in which care is provided and how it impacts health outcomes. Incorrect choices: B: Health - While health is a fundamental aspect of nursing, it is not specific to nursing theory concepts. C: Nursing - This is a broad term encompassing the profession itself, not a specific concept within nursing theory. D: Relevance - This term is not directly associated with nursing theory concepts and does not provide a framework for understanding nursing practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because interprofessional involves members of different disciplines collaborating to provide patient care, promoting a holistic approach. This fosters shared decision-making and communication among healthcare professionals, leading to improved patient outcomes. A is incorrect because multidisciplinary involves multiple disciplines treating a single patient, not many diverse patients. C is incorrect because interprofessional involves different disciplines, not members of the same discipline working together. D is incorrect because interprofessional is about collaboration between different disciplines, not the use of multiple interventions by nurses specifically.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Safety. The team of nurses developing algorithms and checklists aims to ensure standardization of procedures, which directly relates to patient safety. Safety is a fundamental competency in healthcare, as it involves minimizing harm to patients. Standardization through checklists helps reduce errors and promote consistency in care delivery. Timely care (B) focuses on providing care promptly, equitable care (C) emphasizes fairness and eliminating disparities, and patient-centered care (D) prioritizes individual preferences and needs. While these competencies are important in healthcare, in this scenario, the team's primary focus on standardization aligns with the safety competency.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The DRG payment system is a fixed reimbursement amount for a specific diagnosis or procedure. In this case, the cost of care exceeded the DRG reimbursement amount due to the extended ICU stay caused by the client's smoking history. The hospital will only be reimbursed at the set fee specified by the DRG, regardless of the actual cost incurred. Choice A is incorrect because the hospital cannot collect additional fees from the insurance company beyond the DRG reimbursement amount. Choice C is incorrect as the client is not typically held responsible for the additional costs incurred. Choice D is incorrect because physician payment is not directly impacted by the hospital's financial losses. The DRG system focuses on fixed reimbursements based on diagnoses, not individual physician payments.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because being surrounded by family provides emotional support, comfort, and a sense of closure. Family presence can alleviate fear, anxiety, and loneliness, contributing to a peaceful death experience. Choice B focuses on pain management but does not address emotional well-being. Choice C, while important for end-of-life care, does not directly impact the patient's immediate comfort. Choice D indicates a decline in consciousness, which may not necessarily lead to a peaceful death experience as the patient may not be aware of their surroundings or loved ones.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because obtaining the clinical nurse leader certification denotes that the individual has met the minimum level of knowledge and skills required to practice safely in that role. This certification does not grant independent practice authority as in choice C, nor is it granted by the state board of nursing as stated in choice A. Additionally, while the certification recognizes advanced skills and knowledge, it specifically signifies the minimum level needed for safe practice, making choice D incorrect.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it specifies a measurable and achievable goal related to improving cardiac function through physical activities. It follows the SMART criteria (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound). Option B does not provide a specific outcome, while Option C focuses on pharmaceutical approaches rather than outcomes. Option D is unrelated to the goal of improving outcomes for heart failure patients. Thus, option A is the most appropriate choice for a well-defined and relevant outcome for the care of heart failure patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: National Institute of Nursing Research. This organization is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and specifically focuses on funding nursing research. The NIH is a federal agency that provides funding for various scientific research areas, including nursing. The other choices, B: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, C: W. K. Kellogg Foundation, and D: Sigma Theta Tau International, are not federal organizations and do not provide federal funding. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation is a private philanthropic organization, W. K. Kellogg Foundation is a private foundation focused on children's wellbeing, and Sigma Theta Tau International is an honor society for nursing professionals.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: autonomy. Autonomy refers to respecting the right of individuals to make their own decisions about their healthcare. In this scenario, the family's request to honor the terminally ill mother's advance directives aligns with the principle of autonomy as it acknowledges her right to make decisions about her own care. Accountability (A) pertains to taking responsibility for one's actions, nonmaleficence (C) involves avoiding harm, and veracity (D) refers to truthfulness. While these principles are important in healthcare, in this specific case, autonomy takes precedence as it respects the patient's wishes.