Which of the following anxiolitics is a benzodiazepine derivative:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Clordiazepoxide. Benzodiazepines are a class of anxiolytic drugs known for their sedative and anxiolytic properties. Clordiazepoxide is a benzodiazepine derivative due to its chemical structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. This structure is characteristic of benzodiazepines and is responsible for their pharmacological effects. A: Buspirone is a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic that works through a different mechanism by acting as a partial agonist at serotonin receptors. C: Meprobamate is a sedative-hypnotic drug that is structurally unrelated to benzodiazepines. D: Chloral hydrate is a sedative-hypnotic drug with a different chemical structure and mechanism of action compared to benzodiazepines.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sodium cromoglycate. Inhaled glucocorticoids are used for asthma and other respiratory conditions. Sodium cromoglycate is a mast cell stabilizer, not a glucocorticoid. Triamcinolone, beclometazone, and budesonide are all inhaled glucocorticoids commonly used to reduce inflammation in the airways. It is important to differentiate between glucocorticoids and other types of respiratory medications to ensure proper treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is choice C, Cyanocobalamin, as it contains a cobalt atom. Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of Vitamin B12, which is essential for various bodily functions. The cobalt atom is a crucial component of Vitamin B12's structure, playing a key role in its biological activity. Choice A, Folic acid, does not contain cobalt and is a B vitamin that is important for cell division and DNA synthesis. Choice B, Iron dextran, contains iron but not cobalt, and is used to treat iron deficiency anemia. Choice D, Ferrous gluconate, is an iron supplement and does not contain cobalt. In summary, Cyanocobalamin is the correct answer as it is the only option that contains a cobalt atom, while the other choices do not.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. ACE inhibitors decrease afterload, reducing the heart's workload. 2. They reduce reactive myocardial hypertrophy, preventing heart muscle thickening. 3. They increase myocardial beta-1 adrenergic receptor density, enhancing heart function. 4. Circulating catecholamines are not increased by ACE inhibitors; elevated levels can worsen heart failure. Summary: Choice B is incorrect because ACE inhibitors do not increase catecholamine levels, which can be detrimental in heart failure. Choices A, C, and D are correct as they align with the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors in treating heart failure.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Correct Answer: D Rationale: 1. Potassium channel openers increase the permeability of potassium channels, specifically ATP-dependent K channels. 2. This increased permeability results in stabilizing the membrane potential of excitable cells near the resting potential. 3. By stabilizing the membrane potential, these agents help regulate cell excitability and function. 4. This mechanism of action is crucial in conditions like cardiac arrhythmias and smooth muscle hyperactivity. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A. This statement incorrectly associates potassium channel openers with decreasing calcium current, which is not their primary mechanism of action. B. This statement inaccurately attributes reflex and vascular dilative actions to potassium channel openers, which are not their primary effects. C. This statement wrongly suggests that the beneficial effects of potassium channel openers are primarily hemodynamic, while their main mechanism is through potassium channel permeability modulation.