ATI RN
Genitourinary System Questions
Question 1 of 5
Which of the following antimicrobial drug combination does NOT exhibit supraadditive synergism?:
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nalidixic acid + Nitrofurantoin. This combination does not exhibit supraadditive synergism because both drugs have similar mechanisms of action targeting bacterial DNA synthesis. In contrast, the other choices involve drug combinations with different mechanisms of action which result in synergistic effects, making them more effective against a wider range of microbes. Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid work together to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, Pyrimethamine + Sulfadoxine target folate biosynthesis pathways, and Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim inhibit sequential steps in bacterial folic acid synthesis. Therefore, A is the correct answer as the combination lacks synergy due to overlapping mechanisms of action.
Question 2 of 5
Which of the following antifungal agent act as fungicidal by inhibiting the synthesis of β1,3 glucan used for the disseminated mucocutaneous Candida infections?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: 1. Caspofungin is the correct answer as it inhibits the synthesis of β1,3 glucan in fungal cell walls, leading to cell lysis and death. 2. Amphotericin B acts by binding to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, disrupting membrane integrity (fungistatic). 3. Flucytosine is converted to 5-fluorouracil inside fungal cells, inhibiting DNA synthesis (fungistatic). 4. Ketoconazole inhibits ergosterol synthesis, disrupting membrane function (fungistatic).
Question 3 of 5
A patient was treated with digoxin and he develop signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity caused by furosemide therapy. What did the diuretic most likely do to precipitate the digoxin toxicity?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: C: The diuretic furosemide causes potassium loss (hypokalemia), which can lead to increased toxicity of digoxin. Low potassium levels can enhance the effects of digoxin, resulting in digoxin toxicity. Summary: A: Hypocalcemia is not directly related to digoxin toxicity. B: Hyponatremia is not directly related to digoxin toxicity. D: This choice is incorrect as hypokalemia is a known risk factor for digoxin toxicity.
Question 4 of 5
Which of the following diuretics is most widely used to treat mild hypertension?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is the correct answer for treating mild hypertension due to its effectiveness in reducing blood volume and lowering blood pressure. HCTZ works by promoting urine production, leading to decreased fluid retention and lower blood pressure. Furosemide (A) is a loop diuretic mainly used for edema and severe hypertension. Spironolactone (B) is a potassium-sparing diuretic often used for heart failure and hyperaldosteronism. Amiloride (D) is another potassium-sparing diuretic used in combination with other diuretics. Overall, HCTZ is preferred for mild hypertension due to its efficacy, safety, and low cost.
Question 5 of 5
Which of the following diuretics is the most potent and cause hypotension due to hypovolemia from excessive diuresis?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Furosemide. Furosemide is a loop diuretic, which is the most potent type of diuretic that acts on the loop of Henle in the kidney, leading to significant water and electrolyte loss. This excessive diuresis can result in hypovolemia and subsequent hypotension. Acetazolamide (A) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic that works in the proximal tubule and is not as potent as loop diuretics. Spironolactone (C) is a potassium-sparing diuretic that acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct, so it is not as potent as loop diuretics and does not typically cause hypotension from excessive diuresis. Hydrochlorothiazide (D) is a thiazide diuretic that works in the distal convoluted tubule and is less potent than loop diuretics like f